日本科学界压力测试
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Science">Science</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Japan">Japan</span> 日本科学界 <span word="Stress">Stress</span> <span word="test">test</span> 压力测试 <span word="After">After</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="scandal">scandal</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="renowned">renowned</span> <span word="stem">stem</span>-<span word="cell">cell</span> <span word="scientistcommits">scientistcommits</span> <span word="suicide">suicide</span> 爆出丑闻后，一位大名鼎鼎的干细胞科学家自杀 <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Sasai">Sasai</span> <span word="faces">faces</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="music">music</span> 聚光镜前的笹井博士 <span word="WHAT">WHAT</span> <span word="happens">happens</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="douse">douse</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Petri">Petri</span> <span word="dish">dish</span> <span word="full">full</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="public">public</span> <span word="shame">shame</span>, <span word="officialreprimands">officialreprimands</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="months">months</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="intense">intense</span> <span word="stress">stress</span>? <span word="An">An</span> <span word="answer">answer</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="week">week</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="Yoshiki">Yoshiki</span> <span word="Sasai">Sasai</span>, <span word="adistinguished">adistinguished</span> <span word="stem">stem</span>-<span word="cell">cell</span> <span word="biologist">biologist</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="RIKEN">RIKEN</span> <span word="Centre">Centre</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="Developmental">Developmental</span> <span word="Biology">Biology</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Kobe">Kobe</span>,<span word="Japan">Japan</span>, <span word="hanged">hanged</span> <span word="himself">himself</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="blamed">blamed</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fabrication">fabrication</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="research">research</span>. 如果将人类细胞浸入充满公众羞耻、官方谴责以及数月的紧张压力的培养皿中，会发生什么?上周的答案是，著名干细胞生物学家笹井芳树在受尽学术违规的指责后悬梁自尽。笹井芳树生前就职于位于日本神户的理化研究所，是发生与再生科学综合研究中心副主任。 <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Sasai">Sasai</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="author">author</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="Haruko">Haruko</span> <span word="Obokata">Obokata</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="younger">younger</span>, <span word="female">female</span> <span word="colleague">colleague</span> <span word="whosework">whosework</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="supervising">supervising</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="promoting">promoting</span>, <span word="of">of</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="papers">papers</span> <span word="published">published</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="January">January</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Nature">Nature</span>. <span word="Thesepromised">Thesepromised</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="leap">leap</span> <span word="forward">forward</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="much">much</span>-<span word="hyped">hyped</span> <span word="field">field</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="regenerative">regenerative</span> <span word="medicine">medicine</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="purportedto">purportedto</span> <span word="show">show</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="applying">applying</span> <span word="stress">stress</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="ordinary">ordinary</span> <span word="mouse">mouse</span> <span word="cellssqueezing">cellssqueezing</span> <span word="them">them</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="dipping">dipping</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="intoa">intoa</span> <span word="bath">bath</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="mild">mild</span> <span word="acidcould">acidcould</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="pluripotent">pluripotent</span> <span word="stem">stem</span> <span word="cells">cells</span>, <span word="capable">capable</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="forming">forming</span> <span word="newanimal">newanimal</span> <span word="tissue">tissue</span>. 笹井博士是两篇发表于《<span word="Nature">Nature</span>》杂志上的论文的作者之一。论文第一作者为小保方晴子，是他的女研究生，也是他推荐的文章。文章描绘了当下热门的可再生医学领域的重大进展。论文结果显示，对普通老鼠细胞施加压力，即挤压或将其浸入弱酸中，可能将这些细胞转变为多能型细胞，赋予其形成新的动物组织的能力。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="Japan">Japan</span>, <span word="where">where</span> <span word="female">female</span> <span word="scientists">scientists</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="rare">rare</span> <span word="species">species</span>, <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Obokata">Obokata</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="apparentbreakthrough">apparentbreakthrough</span> <span word="caused">caused</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="sensation">sensation</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="seemed">seemed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="open">open</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="possibility">possibility</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="rapid">rapid</span> <span word="progresstowards">progresstowards</span> <span word="regenerative">regenerative</span> <span word="medicine">medicine</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="ambitious">ambitious</span> <span word="goals">goals</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="using">using</span> <span word="pluripotent">pluripotent</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="test">test</span> <span word="newdrugs">newdrugs</span>, <span word="study">study</span> <span word="diseases">diseases</span>, <span word="grow">grow</span> <span word="tissues">tissues</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="fashion">fashion</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="body">body</span> <span word="parts">parts</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="replace">replace</span> <span word="damaged">damaged</span> <span word="ormissing">ormissing</span> <span word="ones">ones</span>. 在日本，女性科学家非常罕见。小保方博士的重大突破营造了这样一种感觉：它似乎打开再生医学快速发展的大门，使用多能型细胞测试新药、研究疾病、培养组织甚至塑造新肢体以替代受损或缺失的部分这种宏伟目标有了实现的可能性。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="eclipsed">eclipsed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="scientist">scientist</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Kyoto">Kyoto</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="had">had</span>, <span word="in">in</span> 2006,<span word="devised">devised</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="reprogramming">reprogramming</span> <span word="ordinary">ordinary</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="pluripotent">pluripotent</span> <span word="ones">ones</span> <span word="using">using</span> <span word="genes">genes</span> <span word="formolecules">formolecules</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="transcription">transcription</span> <span word="factors">factors</span>. <span word="By">By</span> <span word="comparison">comparison</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="technique">technique</span> <span word="Drs">Drs</span> <span word="Obokata">Obokata</span> <span word="andSasai">andSasai</span> <span word="suggested">suggested</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="simple">simple</span>. 这份报告超越了京都大学的一位科学家2006年的工作。他发明了一种新的方法，使用分子基因中的转录因子，能将普通细胞转变为多能型细胞。相比之下，小保方博士和笹井博士提出的技术比较简单。 <span word="Many">Many</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="scientists">scientists</span> <span word="therefore">therefore</span> <span word="tried">tried</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="replicate">replicate</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="months">months</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="publication">publication</span>. <span word="Butthey">Butthey</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="not">not</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="doubts">doubts</span> <span word="grew">grew</span>. <span word="Blogs">Blogs</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="websites">websites</span> <span word="pointed">pointed</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="irregularities">irregularities</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="imagesand">imagesand</span> <span word="diagrams">diagrams</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="original">original</span> <span word="papers">papers</span>. <span word="Finally">Finally</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="April">April</span>, <span word="an">an</span> <span word="investigative">investigative</span> <span word="panel">panel</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="RIKENCentre">RIKENCentre</span> <span word="slammed">slammed</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Obokata">Obokata</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="fabrication">fabrication</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="plagiarism">plagiarism</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="July">July</span> <span word="Natureretractedthe">Natureretractedthe</span> <span word="papers">papers</span>. 因此，在论文发表后的几个月，许多其他科学家都试图复制这一成果。但他们未能成功，由此开始产生疑虑。博文和网站纷纷指出原始论文的图像和表格中有不合规现象。最终，四月的时候，理化所的调查小组认定存在学术违规和舞弊，7月，《自然》撤回了这两篇论文。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="panel">panel</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Sasai">Sasai</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="misconduct">misconduct</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="laid">laid</span> <span word="upon">upon</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="heavy">heavy</span> <span word="responsibility">responsibility</span> <span word="forfailing">forfailing</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="verify">verify</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="star">star</span> <span word="researcher">researcher</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="study">study</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="keen">keen</span> <span word="fundraiser">fundraiser</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="stem">stem</span>-<span word="cell">cell</span> <span word="researchat">researchat</span> <span word="RIKEN">RIKEN</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Japan">Japan</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="biggest">biggest</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="organisations">organisations</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="laboratories">laboratories</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="aroundthe">aroundthe</span> <span word="country">country</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="motive">motive</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="explain">explain</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="failure">failure</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="scrutinise">scrutinise</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="properly">properly</span>,<span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="probe">probe</span>, <span word="by">by</span> <span word="outside">outside</span> <span word="experts">experts</span>. <span word="Disciplinary">Disciplinary</span> <span word="action">action</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="wasexpected">wasexpected</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="outsiders">outsiders</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Centre">Centre</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="Developmental">Developmental</span> <span word="Biology">Biology</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="shut">shut</span> <span word="down">down</span>.<span word="In">In</span> <span word="April">April</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Sasai">Sasai</span> <span word="told">told</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Wall">Wall</span> <span word="Street">Street</span> <span word="Journal">Journal</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="overwhelmed">overwhelmed</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="shame">shame</span>. 调查小组确实洗清了笹井博士行为不当的嫌疑，但是却认定他不曾识别他所谓明星研究人员的成果而负有重大责任。外界专家探讨则认为，笹井博士是理化研究中心内，干细胞研究的主要资金募集人员，而理化研究中心则是日本最大的研究机构之一，其实验室遍布全国。这可能是导致他未能正确审议她的工作的原因。人们希望给他纪律处分，外界还有人呼吁关闭发生与再生科学研综合研究中心。四月，笹井博士对《华尔街日报》说，他满面羞愧。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="shame">shame</span> <span word="surely">surely</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="attaches">attaches</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="establishment">establishment</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="handling">handling</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="thescandalparticularly">thescandalparticularly</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="suicide">suicide</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="common">common</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Knoepfler">Knoepfler</span> <span word="Lab">Lab</span> <span word="Stem">Stem</span> <span word="CellBlog">CellBlog</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="website">website</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="followed">followed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="implosion">implosion</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="papers">papers</span> <span word="closely">closely</span>, <span word="called">called</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="week">week</span> <span word="forall">forall</span> <span word="scientists">scientists</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="reflect">reflect</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pressure">pressure</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="transformativediscoveries">transformativediscoveries</span>. <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Sasai">Sasai</span> <span word="became">became</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="scapegoat">scapegoat</span>, <span word="taking">taking</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="responsibility">responsibility</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="troubles">troubles</span>, <span word="itsaid">itsaid</span>. <span word="Having">Having</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="briefly">briefly</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="hospital">hospital</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="stress">stress</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="powerful">powerful</span> <span word="drugs">drugs</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="reportedlyasked">reportedlyasked</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="step">step</span> <span word="aside">aside</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="job">job</span>, <span word="only">only</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="turned">turned</span> <span word="down">down</span>. <span word="Suicide">Suicide</span>, <span word="unfortunately">unfortunately</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="aresponse">aresponse</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="gainsaid">gainsaid</span>. 但是，对科研机构的丑闻处理也应当受到指责，尤其是在自杀普遍的国家中。 <span word="Knoepfler">Knoepfler</span>实验室干细胞博客自论文发布以来，一直密切关注。本周他呼吁所有科学家反思研究人员在进行革命性研究时所承担的压力。笹井博士变成了替罪羊，承担了麻烦带来的多数责任。他已经因压力而住院并服用强力药物，并写报告要求离职，却仍被拒绝。不幸的是，自杀却是一项无法被驳回的申请。 词语解释 1.<span word="commit">commit</span> <span word="suicide">suicide</span> 自杀 <span word="Why">Why</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="this">this</span>? <span word="Why">Why</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="Islam">Islam</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="religion">religion</span> <span word="thatmotivates">thatmotivates</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="followers">followers</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="commit">commit</span> <span word="suicide">suicide</span> <span word="missions">missions</span>? 为什么伊斯兰是唯一一个驱动自己的追随者去执行自杀性任务的宗教呢? <span word="So">So</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="letter">letter</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="principal">principal</span>, <span word="she">she</span> <span word="threatened">threatened</span> <span word="tocommit">tocommit</span> <span word="suicide">suicide</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="parents">parents</span> <span word="pulled">pulled</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="ofschool">ofschool</span>. 因此，她在给校长的一封信里表明，如果父母强迫她离开学校，她就自杀。 2.<span word="capable">capable</span> <span word="of">of</span> 有能力的 <span word="Show">Show</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="capable">capable</span> <span word="of">of</span>. 向你的老师表现出你能干什么。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="wake">wake</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="developments">developments</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="science">science</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="technology">technology</span>, <span word="man">man</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="capable">capable</span> <span word="ofconquering">ofconquering</span> <span word="nature">nature</span>. 随着科学技术的发展， 人们征服自然的能力也越来越强了。 3.<span word="point">point</span> <span word="out">out</span> 指出，指明 <span word="Can">Can</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="point">point</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hotel">hotel</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="map">map</span>? 你能指出这家旅馆在地图上的位置吗? <span word="I">I</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="point">point</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="area">area</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="grade">grade</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="on">on</span>, <span word="something">something</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="themdislike">themdislike</span>. 我想指出我在为学生们评分的一个地方，是他们中许多人都不喜欢的一点。</p>
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