2015考研英语阅读理解模拟试题二十
<p> 2015复习正在如火如荼的进行中，考研专家建议可以按考研题型分别进行重点复习，是考研英语中分值最高的，在线小编特地整理了2015理解模拟试题供大家模拟练习，希望大家认真做题，错题着重看解析及译文，经过练习阅读理解能力必能有所提高。 二十、环境预防原则 <span word="Your">Your</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="introduction">introduction</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="so">so</span>-<span word="called">called</span> <span word="precautionary">precautionary</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="mother">mother</span>. <span word="She">She</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="told">told</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="safe">safe</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="sorry">sorry</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="advised">advised</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="buckle">buckle</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="seat">seat</span> <span word="belt">belt</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="admonished">admonished</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="doubt">doubt</span>, <span word="throw">throw</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="out">out</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="speculated">speculated</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="odds">odds</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="getting">getting</span> <span word="food">food</span> <span word="poisoning">poisoning</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="leftover">leftover</span> <span word="turkey">turkey</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="forgot">forgot</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="refrigerate">refrigerate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="night">night</span> <span word="before">before</span>. <span word="Such">Such</span> <span word="precautionary">precautionary</span> <span word="advice">advice</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="sense">sense</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="modern">modern</span>-<span word="day">day</span> <span word="precautionary">precautionary</span> <span word="principlewhich">principlewhich</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="generally">generally</span> <span word="taken">taken</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="mean">mean</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="environmental">environmental</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="health">health</span> <span word="policies">policies</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="deal">deal</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="hazards">hazards</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="insufficient">insufficient</span>; <span word="we">we</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="policies">policies</span> <span word="based">based</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="harm">harm</span>, <span word="even">even</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="theres">theres</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="hazard">hazard</span> <span word="existsis">existsis</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="nearly">nearly</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="benign">benign</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="precautionary">precautionary</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="dominates">dominates</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="currently">currently</span> <span word="raging">raging</span> <span word="debate">debate</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="trace">trace</span> <span word="levels">levels</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="so">so</span>-<span word="called">called</span> <span word="hormone">hormone</span>-<span word="disrupting">disrupting</span> <span word="chemicals">chemicals</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="environment">environment</span>. <span word="At">At</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="international">international</span> <span word="conferences">conferences</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="widely">widely</span> <span word="publicized">publicized</span> <span word="book">book</span>, <span word="Our">Our</span> <span word="Stolen">Stolen</span> <span word="Future">Future</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="suggested">suggested</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="release">release</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="environment">environment</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="synthetic">synthetic</span> <span word="chemicalsespecially">chemicalsespecially</span> <span word="chlorine">chlorine</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="related">related</span> <span word="compoundshas">compoundshas</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="responsible">responsible</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="increase">increase</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="chronic">chronic</span> <span word="diseases">diseases</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="cancer">cancer</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="ominously">ominously</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="increase">increase</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="reproductive">reproductive</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="developmental">developmental</span> <span word="problems">problems</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="suggested">suggested</span> <span word="response">response</span>? <span word="Stop">Stop</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="technology">technology</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="ban">ban</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="chemicals">chemicals</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="case">case</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="immediately">immediately</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="charges">charges</span>? <span word="Spotty">Spotty</span>, <span word="ambiguous">ambiguous</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="filled">filled</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="gaps">gaps</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="advocates">advocates</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="precautionary">precautionary</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="acknowledge">acknowledge</span> <span word="it">it</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="precautionary">precautionary</span> <span word="principle">principle</span>, <span word="scientifically">scientifically</span> <span word="questionable">questionable</span> <span word="observations">observations</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="wildlife">wildlife</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="incomplete">incomplete</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="sufficient">sufficient</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="sound">sound</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="alarm">alarm</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="short">short</span>, <span word="since">since</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="exist">exist</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="prove">prove</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="isnt">isnt</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="problem">problem</span>, <span word="we">we</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="assume">assume</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span>. <span word="So">So</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="typical">typical</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="situations">situations</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="extremely">extremely</span> <span word="tentative">tentative</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="potential">potential</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="arousing">arousing</span> <span word="fear">fear</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="great">great</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="precautionary">precautionary</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="invoked">invoked</span>. <span word="Our">Our</span> <span word="Stolen">Stolen</span> <span word="Future">Future</span> <span word="uses">uses</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="word">word</span> <span word="might">might</span> 30 <span word="times">times</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="in">in</span>, <span word="those">those</span> <span word="exposed">exposed</span> <span word="prenatally">prenatally</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="endocrine">endocrine</span>-<span word="disrupting">disrupting</span> <span word="chemicals">chemicals</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="abnormal">abnormal</span> <span word="hormone">hormone</span> <span word="levels">levels</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="adults">adults</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="pass">pass</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="persistent">persistent</span> <span word="chemicals">chemicals</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="inheritedboth">inheritedboth</span> <span word="factors">factors</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="influence">influence</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="development">development</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="children">children</span>. <span word="Still">Still</span>, <span word="just">just</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hint">hint</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="harms">harms</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="seductive">seductive</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="precautionary">precautionary</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="plays">plays</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="crowd">crowd</span>, <span word="placing">placing</span> <span word="environmental">environmental</span> <span word="advocates">advocates</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="side">side</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="public">public</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="portraying">portraying</span> <span word="opponents">opponents</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="indifferent">indifferent</span>, <span word="even">even</span> <span word="hostile">hostile</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="public">public</span> <span word="health">health</span>. <span word="There">There</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="at">at</span> <span word="least">least</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="reasons">reasons</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="precautionary">precautionary</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="itself">itself</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="hazard">hazard</span>, <span word="both">both</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="health">health</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="standard">standard</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="living">living</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="applied">applied</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="regulatory">regulatory</span> <span word="policy">policy</span>. <span word="First">First</span>, <span word="if">if</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="act">act</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="mays">mays</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="coulds">coulds</span>, <span word="we">we</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="time">time</span>, <span word="less">less</span> <span word="money">money</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fewer">fewer</span> <span word="resources">resources</span> <span word="left">left</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="deal">deal</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="real">real</span> <span word="public">public</span> <span word="health">health</span> <span word="challenges">challenges</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="confront">confront</span> <span word="us">us</span>. <span word="We">We</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="let">let</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="distraction">distraction</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="purely">purely</span> <span word="hypothetical">hypothetical</span> <span word="threats">threats</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="lose">lose</span> <span word="sight">sight</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="highly">highly</span> <span word="probably">probably</span> <span word="ones">ones</span>. <span word="Second">Second</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="precautionary">precautionary</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="assumes">assumes</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="detriment">detriment</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="health">health</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="proposed">proposed</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="regulation">regulation</span>. <span word="For">For</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="what">what</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="health">health</span> <span word="risks">risks</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="current">current</span>, <span word="regulated">regulated</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="chlorine">chlorine</span>? <span word="None">None</span>. <span word="How">How</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="benefits">benefits</span>? <span word="Enormous">Enormous</span>. <span word="What">What</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="health">health</span> <span word="risks">risks</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="encounter">encounter</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="ban">ban</span> <span word="chlorinated">chlorinated</span> <span word="compounds">compounds</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="alligators">alligators</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="virile">virile</span>? <span word="Plenty">Plenty</span>. <span word="Chlorine">Chlorine</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="essential">essential</span> <span word="cornerstone">cornerstone</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="industrial">industrial</span> <span word="chemistry">chemistry</span>. <span word="We">We</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="chlorine">chlorine</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pesticides">pesticides</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="enable">enable</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="food">food</span> <span word="supply">supply</span> <span word="rich">rich</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="cancer">cancer</span>-<span word="fighting">fighting</span> <span word="fruits">fruits</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="vegetables">vegetables</span>. <span word="We">We</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="produce">produce</span> <span word="lifesaving">lifesaving</span> <span word="pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="disinfect">disinfect</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="nations">nations</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="supply">supply</span>. <span word="So">So</span> <span word="whats">whats</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="done">done</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="instances">instances</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="risks">risks</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="hypothetical">hypothetical</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="costs">costs</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="eliminating">eliminating</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="technology">technology</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="substantial">substantial</span>? <span word="Go">Go</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="mother">mother</span> <span word="said">said</span>: <span word="When">When</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="doubt">doubt</span>, <span word="throw">throw</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="precautionary">precautionary</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="out">out</span>. 1. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="opening">opening</span> <span word="paragraph">paragraph</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="author">author</span> <span word="introduces">introduces</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="topic">topic</span> <span word="by">by</span>_____. [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="justifying">justifying</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="making">making</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="assumption">assumption</span> [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="posing">posing</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="contrast">contrast</span> [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="having">having</span> <span word="quotations">quotations</span> 2. <span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="disagree">disagree</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="advocates">advocates</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="precautionary">precautionary</span> <span word="principle">principle</span>? [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="Chemicals">Chemicals</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="environment">environment</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="serious">serious</span> <span word="damage">damage</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="health">health</span>. [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="The">The</span> <span word="final">final</span> <span word="solution">solution</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="immediately">immediately</span> <span word="ban">ban</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="technology">technology</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="chemicals">chemicals</span>. [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="The">The</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="environmental">environmental</span> <span word="harm">harm</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="disputable">disputable</span>. [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="More">More</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="spent">spent</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="dealing">dealing</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="diseases">diseases</span>. 3.<span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="publics">publics</span> <span word="eyes">eyes</span>,_____. [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="environmental">environmental</span> <span word="advocates">advocates</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="indifferent">indifferent</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="public">public</span> <span word="health">health</span> [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="health">health</span> <span word="policies">policies</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="insufficient">insufficient</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="deal">deal</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="unknown">unknown</span> <span word="hazards">hazards</span> [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="many">many</span> <span word="diseases">diseases</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="environmental">environmental</span> <span word="component">component</span> [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="new">new</span> <span word="policies">policies</span> <span word="based">based</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="harm">harm</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="harm">harm</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span> 4. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="precautionary">precautionary</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="itself">itself</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="hazard">hazard</span>, <span word="because">because</span> _____. [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="to">to</span> <span word="stop">stop</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="supposedly">supposedly</span> <span word="risky">risky</span> <span word="technology">technology</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="harm">harm</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="good">good</span> [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="hazard">hazard</span> <span word="truly">truly</span> <span word="exists">exists</span> [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="hypothetical">hypothetical</span> <span word="threats">threats</span> <span word="distract">distract</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="attention">attention</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="truth">truth</span> [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="tentative">tentative</span> <span word="theories">theories</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="misinform">misinform</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="public">public</span> 5.<span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="describes">describes</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="authors">authors</span> <span word="attitude">attitude</span> <span word="towards">towards</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="present">present</span>-<span word="day">day</span> <span word="environmental">environmental</span> <span word="issue">issue</span>? [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="Better">Better</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="safe">safe</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="sorry">sorry</span>. [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="When">When</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="doubt">doubt</span>, <span word="throw">throw</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="out">out</span>. [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="No">No</span> <span word="doubt">doubt</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="action">action</span>. [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="No">No</span> <span word="trouble">trouble</span>, <span word="no">no</span> <span word="fuss">fuss</span>. 答案：1.<span word="C">C</span> 2.<span word="D">D</span> 3.<span word="B">B</span> 4.<span word="A">A</span> 5.<span word="D">D</span> 核心词汇或超纲词汇 <span word="precautionary">precautionary</span>预防的;<span word="precaution">precaution</span>使提防;预先警告 <span word="buckle">buckle</span>搭扣扣住;变弯曲变形;屈服，崩溃 <span word="admonish">admonish</span>劝告，训诫，警告;<span word="admonishment">admonishment</span> <span word="speculate">speculate</span>推测，思索;投机;<span word="speculationspeculative">speculationspeculative</span> <span word="leftover">leftover</span>剩余的 <span word="hazard">hazard</span>冒险，危险;公害冒险，斗胆;使遭受危险;<span word="hazardous">hazardous</span> <span word="benign">benign</span>良性的;仁慈的，和蔼的;<span word="benignity">benignity</span>仁慈，善行 <span word="trace">trace</span>踪迹;极少量<span word="trace">trace</span>-<span word="element">element</span>微量元素追踪，回溯，探索 <span word="ominous">ominous</span>恶兆的，不吉利的 <span word="endocrine">endocrine</span>内分泌，激素 <span word="alligator">alligator</span>产于美洲的鳄鱼，短吻鳄 <span word="pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</span>药物药用的，制药的，制药上的;<span word="pharmaceutist">pharmaceutist</span>药剂师;<span word="pharmacy">pharmacy</span>药房;制药业 <span word="disinfect">disinfect</span>消毒;<span word="infect">infect</span>传染, 感染;<span word="dis">dis</span>-前缀表示否定，相反，如<span word="disbelieve">disbelieve</span>不相信，<span word="disconnect">disconnect</span>切断 全文翻译 你可能最初是从妈妈那儿接触所谓的预防原则的。当建议你扣紧座位安全带时她可能会说有备无患，无备遗憾，或者当你在推测昨晚剩下的、忘记放入冰箱的火鸡有多大可能性让你食物中毒时她会告诫说当怀疑的时候，就把它扔掉。这种预防性的建议是有道理的。但当今的预防原则一般认为那些针对已知危害的环境和健康政策是不够的;我们需要建立在可能有害基础上的新政策，即使没有危害存在的科学证据就几乎不那么有利了。 就是这种预防原则在关于环境中微量的所谓干扰荷尔蒙的化学物质的激烈争论中占据了优势。最近几次国际会议上广泛宣传的《失窃的未来》一书，暗示排放到环境中的合成化学物质尤其是氯及其相关合成物不仅造成了慢性疾病譬如癌症的增加，而且更加危害深远的是，造成了繁殖和发展问题的增加。建议的应对策略?为以防万一，停止该技术并且禁止所有的化学制品而且要立即执行。那么这些指控的科学证据呢?不完整、含糊其词而且充满漏洞甚至预防原则的支持者们也承认了这一点。 但是在预防原则下，科学上值得怀疑的对野生生物的观察资料和不完整的人类数据都足以拉响警报。总之，既然不存在数据证明没有问题，那我们就应该假定有。典型的情形是，当科学证据极其具有推测性但引起恐慌的可能性很大时，预防原则就产生了作用。《失窃的未来》提到可能这个词有30次例如，那些出生前接触干扰内分泌的化学物质的人，成年时可能荷尔蒙水平不正常，而且他们可能会把自己遗传的持久稳定的化学物质传给后代两个因素都可能影响他们孩子的成长。尽管如此，仅仅对可能性危害的暗示就是诱人的而且预防原则在群众中很有影响，它把环保分子归于公众一边，而把反对者描绘成对公共健康漠不关心的，甚至是敌对的。 然而，至少有两个原因可以解释为什么预防原则本身对我们的健康和高水平的生活是个危害，为什么它不能应用于管理政策中。其一，如果我们以可能和也许为行动依据，那么我们剩下来用于应付现实中遇到的公共健康难题的时间、金钱和资源就会减少。我们不能让纯粹假定的威胁分散我们的精力，使我们忽视那些已知或极有可能的威胁。其二，预防原则假定新提议的条例不会给健康带来任何危害。例如，现在对氯的控制性使用引起了什么已知的健康危险了吗?没有。好处有多少?数不胜数。如果我们因为它们可能使美洲鳄鱼生殖力减弱就禁止氯化合物的话，我们将会遇到什么新的健康危险呢?很多。氯是现代工业化学的基石。我们需要氯制造农药，以使我们的食物中有丰富的抗癌水果和蔬菜。我们需要它来生产救命的医药。我们需要它给国家的水源消毒。那么当危险只是猜想的而消除使用一项技术的代价巨大时，我们该怎么办呢?回到妈妈的教导：怀疑的时候，就抛弃预防原则。</p>
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