2015考研英语阅读理解模拟试题二十三
<p> 2015复习正在如火如荼的进行中，考研专家建议可以按考研题型分别进行重点复习，是考研英语中分值最高的，在线小编特地整理了2015理解模拟试题供大家模拟练习，希望大家认真做题，错题着重看解析及译文，经过练习阅读理解能力必能有所提高。 二十三、哲学与神学的关系 <span word="Scholastic">Scholastic</span> <span word="thinkers">thinkers</span> <span word="held">held</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wide">wide</span> <span word="variety">variety</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="doctrines">doctrines</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="philosophy">philosophy</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="theology">theology</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="religion">religion</span>. <span word="What">What</span> <span word="gives">gives</span> <span word="unity">unity</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="whole">whole</span> <span word="Scholastic">Scholastic</span> <span word="movement">movement</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="academic">academic</span> <span word="practice">practice</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> 9<span word="th">th</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> 17<span word="th">th</span> <span word="centuries">centuries</span>, <span word="are">are</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="common">common</span> <span word="aims">aims</span>, <span word="attitudes">attitudes</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="methods">methods</span> <span word="generally">generally</span> <span word="accepted">accepted</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="members">members</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="chief">chief</span> <span word="concern">concern</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Scholastics">Scholastics</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="discover">discover</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="facts">facts</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="integrate">integrate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="already">already</span> <span word="acquired">acquired</span> <span word="separately">separately</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Greek">Greek</span> <span word="reasoning">reasoning</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Christian">Christian</span> <span word="revelation">revelation</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="concern">concern</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="characteristic">characteristic</span> <span word="differences">differences</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="thought">thought</span> <span word="since">since</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Renaissance">Renaissance</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="basic">basic</span> <span word="aim">aim</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Scholastics">Scholastics</span> <span word="determined">determined</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="common">common</span> <span word="attitudes">attitudes</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="conviction">conviction</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fundamental">fundamental</span> <span word="harmony">harmony</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="revelation">revelation</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Scholastics">Scholastics</span> <span word="maintained">maintained</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="God">God</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="source">source</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="types">types</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="truth">truth</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="chief">chief</span> <span word="attributes">attributes</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="contradict">contradict</span> <span word="himself">himself</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="speaking">speaking</span>. <span word="Any">Any</span> <span word="apparent">apparent</span> <span word="opposition">opposition</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="revelation">revelation</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="traced">traced</span> <span word="either">either</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="incorrect">incorrect</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="inaccurate">inaccurate</span> <span word="interpretation">interpretation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="words">words</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="revelation">revelation</span>. <span word="Because">Because</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Scholastics">Scholastics</span> <span word="believed">believed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="revelation">revelation</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="direct">direct</span> <span word="teaching">teaching</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="God">God</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="possessed">possessed</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="higher">higher</span> <span word="degree">degree</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="truth">truth</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="certainty">certainty</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="natural">natural</span> <span word="reason">reason</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="apparent">apparent</span> <span word="conflicts">conflicts</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="religious">religious</span> <span word="faith">faith</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="philosophic">philosophic</span> <span word="reasoning">reasoning</span>, <span word="faith">faith</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="thus">thus</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="supreme">supreme</span> <span word="arbiter">arbiter</span>; <span word="the">the</span> <span word="theologians">theologians</span> <span word="decision">decision</span> <span word="overruled">overruled</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="philosopher">philosopher</span>. <span word="After">After</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="early">early</span> 13<span word="th">th</span> <span word="century">century</span>, <span word="Scholastic">Scholastic</span> <span word="thought">thought</span> <span word="emphasized">emphasized</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="independence">independence</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="philosophy">philosophy</span> <span word="within">within</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="domain">domain</span>. <span word="Nonetheless">Nonetheless</span>, <span word="throughout">throughout</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Scholastic">Scholastic</span> <span word="period">period</span>, <span word="philosophy">philosophy</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="servant">servant</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="theology">theology</span>, <span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="truth">truth</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="philosophy">philosophy</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="subordinated">subordinated</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="theology">theology</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="theologian">theologian</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="philosophy">philosophy</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="understand">understand</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="explain">explain</span> <span word="revelation">revelation</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="attitude">attitude</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</span> <span word="stands">stands</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="sharp">sharp</span> <span word="contrast">contrast</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="so">so</span>-<span word="called">called</span> <span word="double">double</span>-<span word="truth">truth</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Spanish">Spanish</span>-<span word="Arab">Arab</span> <span word="philosopher">philosopher</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="physician">physician</span> <span word="Averro">Averro</span>ё<span word="s">s</span>. <span word="His">His</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="assumed">assumed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="truth">truth</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="accessible">accessible</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="philosophy">philosophy</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Islamic">Islamic</span> <span word="theology">theology</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="philosophy">philosophy</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="attain">attain</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="perfectly">perfectly</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="so">so</span>-<span word="called">called</span> <span word="truths">truths</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="theology">theology</span> <span word="served">served</span>, <span word="hence">hence</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="imperfect">imperfect</span> <span word="imaginative">imaginative</span> <span word="expressions">expressions</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="common">common</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="authentic">authentic</span> <span word="truth">truth</span> <span word="accessible">accessible</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="philosophy">philosophy</span>. <span word="Averro">Averro</span>ё<span word="s">s</span> <span word="maintained">maintained</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="philosophic">philosophic</span> <span word="truth">truth</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="contradict">contradict</span>, <span word="at">at</span> <span word="least">least</span> <span word="verbally">verbally</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="teachings">teachings</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Islamic">Islamic</span> <span word="theology">theology</span>. <span word="As">As</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="belief">belief</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="harmony">harmony</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="faith">faith</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="reason">reason</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Scholastics">Scholastics</span> <span word="attempted">attempted</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="determine">determine</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="precise">precise</span> <span word="scope">scope</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="competence">competence</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="faculties">faculties</span>. <span word="Many">Many</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="Scholastics">Scholastics</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Italian">Italian</span> <span word="ecclesiastic">ecclesiastic</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="philosopher">philosopher</span> <span word="St">St</span>. <span word="Anselm">Anselm</span>, <span word="did">did</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="clearly">clearly</span> <span word="distinguish">distinguish</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="overconfident">overconfident</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="prove">prove</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="doctrines">doctrines</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="revelation">revelation</span>. <span word="Later">Later</span>, <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="height">height</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mature">mature</span> <span word="period">period</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Italian">Italian</span> <span word="theologian">theologian</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="philosopher">philosopher</span> <span word="St">St</span>. <span word="Thomas">Thomas</span> <span word="Aquinas">Aquinas</span> <span word="worked">worked</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="balance">balance</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="revelation">revelation</span>. 1.<span word="With">With</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Scholastics">Scholastics</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="search">search</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> _____. [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="stopped">stopped</span> <span word="completely">completely</span> [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="slowed">slowed</span> <span word="down">down</span> [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="advanced">advanced</span> <span word="rapidly">rapidly</span> [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="awaked">awaked</span> <span word="gradually">gradually</span> 2.<span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="illustrates">illustrates</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="relation">relation</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="revelation">revelation</span>? [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="They">They</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="simply">simply</span> <span word="identical">identical</span>. [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="Revelation">Revelation</span> <span word="guides">guides</span> <span word="reason">reason</span>. [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="They">They</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="occasionally">occasionally</span> <span word="contradictory">contradictory</span>. [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="Reason">Reason</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="perfect">perfect</span> <span word="revelation">revelation</span>. 3.<span word="It">It</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="inferred">inferred</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Paragraph">Paragraph</span> 2 <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="text">text</span> <span word="that">that</span> _____. [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="the">the</span> <span word="position">position</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="philosophy">philosophy</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="humble">humble</span> <span word="servant">servant</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="accepted">accepted</span> [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="religion">religion</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="turned">turned</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="hamper">hamper</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="functioning">functioning</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="philosophy">philosophy</span> [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="philosophers">philosophers</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="quoted">quoted</span> <span word="revelation">revelation</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="support">support</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span> [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="philosophers">philosophers</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="sometimes">sometimes</span> <span word="referred">referred</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="religious">religious</span> <span word="practice">practice</span> 4.<span word="Averro">Averro</span>ё<span word="s">s</span> <span word="held">held</span> <span word="that">that</span> _____. [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="Islamic">Islamic</span> <span word="theology">theology</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="subordinate">subordinate</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="philosophy">philosophy</span> [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="religious">religious</span> <span word="truth">truth</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="nothing">nothing</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="imaginative">imaginative</span> <span word="fantasy">fantasy</span> [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="real">real</span> <span word="truth">truth</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="inaccessible">inaccessible</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="common">common</span> <span word="people">people</span> [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="imperfect">imperfect</span> <span word="expressions">expressions</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="flawed">flawed</span> <span word="religion">religion</span> 5.<span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="discussed">discussed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="succeeding">succeeding</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="text">text</span>? [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="Relations">Relations</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="St">St</span>. <span word="T">T</span>. <span word="Aquinas">Aquinas</span> <span word="achievements">achievements</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="previous">previous</span> <span word="efforts">efforts</span>. [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="How">How</span> <span word="St">St</span>. <span word="T">T</span>. <span word="Aquinas">Aquinas</span> <span word="worked">worked</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="balance">balance</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="discussion">discussion</span>. [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="Other">Other</span> <span word="endeavors">endeavors</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="relationship">relationship</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="revelation">revelation</span>. [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="Outstanding">Outstanding</span> <span word="features">features</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mature">mature</span> <span word="period">period</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</span>. 答案：1.<span word="A">A</span> 2.<span word="B">B</span> 3.<span word="D">D</span> 4.<span word="C">C</span> 5.<span word="C">C</span> 核心词汇或超纲词汇 <span word="scholastic">scholastic</span>学校的，学者的，学究的，经院的或经院哲学家的经院哲学家，学究 <span word="doctrine">doctrine</span>教条，学说，主义 <span word="revelation">revelation</span>显示，揭露，新发现;启示，揭示;<span word="reveal">reveal</span> <span word="arbiter">arbiter</span>仲裁者，权威人士，主宰者;<span word="arbitrate">arbitrate</span>公断，仲裁 <span word="theologian">theologian</span>神学者，空头理论家;<span word="theology">theology</span>神学 <span word="faculty">faculty</span>才能;全体教员;学院，系;权力 全文翻译 在宗教研究中，关于哲学和神学，经院派学者们持有广泛的各种各样的学说。在欧洲从9世纪到17世纪的学术实践中，赋予整个经院运动统一性的是其所有成员共同的目标、态度以及共同接受的方法。经院学者首要关注的并不是发现新的事实而是将希腊理性和基督启示各自获得的知识综合成一体。这一关注是经院哲学和自文艺复兴以来的现代思想之间最显著的不同特征之一。 经院派学者的基本目标决定了他们某些共同的观点态度，其中最重要的是他们坚信理性和启示之间存在着基本的和谐。经院学者认为上帝是这两种知识的源泉，真理是他的主要属性，因此他不可能在两种表达方式上自相矛盾。任何关于启示和理性表面上的对抗都可以追根到对理智的错误运用或对启示词语的不精确解释上。因为经院派学者相信启示是上帝的直接教诲，因此比自然的理性具有更高的真理性和确定性。因此在宗教信仰和哲学理性之间的表面冲突中，信仰一直是终极的裁决者，神学家的决断支配着哲学家的决断。13世纪早期之后，经院思想更加强调哲学在自己领域内的独立性。尽管如此，在整个经院哲学阶段，哲学一直被称作神学的仆人，这不仅是因为哲学的真理性居于神学真理性之下，还因为神学家将哲学运用到了对启示的理解和解释之中。 这种经院哲学观点与阿拉伯裔西班牙哲学家阿威罗伊所谓的双重真理理论形成了鲜明的对比。阿威罗伊的理论认为对于哲学和伊斯兰神学来说，真理都是可以接近的，但是只有哲学可以完全获得它。因此，所谓的神学真理作为一种不完美的想象的表达方式为普通人服务，去获得只有哲学才能接近的可靠的真理。阿威罗伊认为哲学真理可以与伊斯兰神学的教诲相矛盾，至少在口头上如此。 因为相信信仰和理性间的和谐关系，经院派学者试图裁决它们各自精确的能力和范围。诸如意大利的传教士和哲学家圣?安瑟莫这样的早期经院哲学家并没有清楚地区分二者，并且过于深信理性能够证明某些启示的教条学说。后来，在经院哲学的成熟阶段，意大利神职人员及哲学家圣?托马斯?阿奎纳在理性和启示之间找到了一种平衡。</p>
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