功能性3D类脑组织诞生
<p> <span word="Bioengineers">Bioengineers</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="created">created</span> <span word="three">three</span>-<span word="dimensional">dimensional</span> <span word="brain">brain</span>-<span word="like">like</span> <span word="tissue">tissue</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="functions">functions</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="structural">structural</span> <span word="features">features</span> <span word="similar">similar</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="tissue">tissue</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rat">rat</span> <span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="kept">kept</span> <span word="alive">alive</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lab">lab</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="months">months</span>. <span word="As">As</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="demonstration">demonstration</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="potential">potential</span>, <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brain">brain</span>-<span word="like">like</span> <span word="tissue">tissue</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="chemical">chemical</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="electrical">electrical</span> <span word="changes">changes</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="occur">occur</span> <span word="immediately">immediately</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="traumatic">traumatic</span> <span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="injury">injury</span> <span word="and">and</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="separate">separate</span> <span word="experiment">experiment</span>, <span word="changes">changes</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="occur">occur</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="response">response</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="drug">drug</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="tissue">tissue</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="provide">provide</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="superior">superior</span> <span word="model">model</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="studying">studying</span> <span word="normal">normal</span> <span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="function">function</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="injury">injury</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="disease">disease</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="assist">assist</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="development">development</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="treatments">treatments</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="dysfunction">dysfunction</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="brain">brain</span>-<span word="like">like</span> <span word="tissue">tissue</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Tissue">Tissue</span> <span word="Engineering">Engineering</span> <span word="Resource">Resource</span> <span word="Center">Center</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Tufts">Tufts</span> <span word="University">University</span>, <span word="Boston">Boston</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="funded">funded</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="National">National</span> <span word="Institute">Institute</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Biomedical">Biomedical</span> <span word="Imaging">Imaging</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Bioengineering">Bioengineering</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="establish">establish</span> <span word="innovative">innovative</span> <span word="biomaterials">biomaterials</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="tissue">tissue</span> <span word="engineering">engineering</span> <span word="models">models</span>. <span word="David">David</span> <span word="Kaplan">Kaplan</span>, <span word="Ph">Ph</span>.<span word="D">D</span>., <span word="Stern">Stern</span> <span word="Family">Family</span> <span word="Professor">Professor</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Engineering">Engineering</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Tufts">Tufts</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="director">director</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="center">center</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="efforts">efforts</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="develop">develop</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="tissue">tissue</span>. <span word="Currently">Currently</span>, <span word="scientists">scientists</span> <span word="grow">grow</span> <span word="neurons">neurons</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="petri">petri</span> <span word="dishes">dishes</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="behavior">behavior</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="controllable">controllable</span> <span word="environment">environment</span>. <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="neurons">neurons</span> <span word="grown">grown</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="dimensions">dimensions</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="unable">unable</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="replicate">replicate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="complex">complex</span> <span word="structural">structural</span> <span word="organization">organization</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="tissue">tissue</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="consists">consists</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="segregated">segregated</span> <span word="regions">regions</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="grey">grey</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="white">white</span> <span word="matter">matter</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brain">brain</span>, <span word="grey">grey</span> <span word="matter">matter</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="comprised">comprised</span> <span word="primarily">primarily</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="neuron">neuron</span> <span word="cell">cell</span> <span word="bodies">bodies</span>, <span word="while">while</span> <span word="white">white</span> <span word="matter">matter</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="bundles">bundles</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="axons">axons</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="projections">projections</span> <span word="neurons">neurons</span> <span word="send">send</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="connect">connect</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="another">another</span>. <span word="Because">Because</span> <span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="injuries">injuries</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="diseases">diseases</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="affect">affect</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="areas">areas</span> <span word="differently">differently</span>, <span word="models">models</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="needed">needed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="exhibit">exhibit</span> <span word="grey">grey</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="white">white</span> <span word="matter">matter</span> <span word="compartmentalization">compartmentalization</span>. <span word="Recently">Recently</span>, <span word="tissue">tissue</span> <span word="engineers">engineers</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="attempted">attempted</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="grow">grow</span> <span word="neurons">neurons</span> <span word="in">in</span> 3<span word="D">D</span> <span word="gel">gel</span> <span word="environments">environments</span>, <span word="where">where</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="freely">freely</span> <span word="establish">establish</span> <span word="connections">connections</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="directions">directions</span>. <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="gel">gel</span>-<span word="based">based</span> <span word="tissue">tissue</span> <span word="models">models</span> <span word="don">don</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="live">live</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fail">fail</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="yield">yield</span> <span word="robust">robust</span>, <span word="tissue">tissue</span>-<span word="level">level</span> <span word="function">function</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="extracellular">extracellular</span> <span word="environment">environment</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="complex">complex</span> <span word="matrix">matrix</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="local">local</span> <span word="signals">signals</span> <span word="establish">establish</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="neighborhoods">neighborhoods</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="encourage">encourage</span> <span word="distinct">distinct</span> <span word="cell">cell</span> <span word="growth">growth</span> <span word="and">and</span>/<span word="or">or</span> <span word="development">development</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="function">function</span>. <span word="Simply">Simply</span> <span word="providing">providing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="space">space</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="neurons">neurons</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="grow">grow</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="dimensions">dimensions</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="sufficient">sufficient</span>.</p>
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