考研英语真题材料100篇连载1
<p> <span word="Thermoelectrics">Thermoelectrics</span>：<span word="Every">Every</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="helps">helps</span> <span word="HERE">HERE</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="thought">thought</span>: <span word="approximately">approximately</span> 60% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="converted">converted</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="generation">generation</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="wasted">wasted</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="price">price</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="high">high</span>, <span word="both">both</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="terms">terms</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="actual">actual</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="consumer">consumer</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="consequences">consequences</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="climate">climate</span> <span word="change">change</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="generating">generating</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="fossil">fossil</span> <span word="fuels">fuels</span> <span word="causes">causes</span>. <span word="If">If</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="proportion">proportion</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="wasted">wasted</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="converted">converted</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="useful">useful</span> <span word="power">power</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="thing">thing</span>. <span word="At">At</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="weeks">weeks</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="Physical">Physical</span> <span word="Society">Society</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Baltimore">Baltimore</span>, <span word="Mercouri">Mercouri</span> <span word="Kanatzidis">Kanatzidis</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Michigan">Michigan</span> <span word="State">State</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="proposed">proposed</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="scheme">scheme</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="advocates">advocates</span> <span word="attaching">attaching</span> <span word="thermoelectric">thermoelectric</span> <span word="devices">devices</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="convert">convert</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="electricity">electricity</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="chimney">chimney</span> <span word="stacks">stacks</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="vehicle">vehicle</span> <span word="exhausts">exhausts</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="squeeze">squeeze</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="useful">useful</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="generation">generation</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="technology">technology</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="existed">existed</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="years">years</span>. <span word="If">If</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="electrical">electrical</span> <span word="conductor">conductor</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="heated">heated</span> <span word="while">while</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="kept">kept</span> <span word="cool">cool</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="voltage">voltage</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="created">created</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="two">two</span>. <span word="Placing">Placing</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="dissimilar">dissimilar</span> <span word="metals">metals</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="electrically">electrically</span> <span word="conductive">conductive</span> <span word="materials">materials</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="contact">contact</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="heating">heating</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="generates">generates</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="voltage">voltage</span>. <span word="Such">Such</span> <span word="devices">devices</span>, <span word="called">called</span> <span word="thermocouples">thermocouples</span>, <span word="are">are</span> <span word="nowadays">nowadays</span> <span word="usually">usually</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="using">using</span> <span word="semiconductors">semiconductors</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="widely">widely</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="thermometers">thermometers</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="cheaper">cheaper</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="efficient">efficient</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="both">both</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="employed">employed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="generate">generate</span> <span word="power">power</span>. <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Kanatzidis">Kanatzidis</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="developing">developing</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="thermoelectric">thermoelectric</span> <span word="materials">materials</span> <span word="designed">designed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="capable">capable</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="converting">converting</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="to">to</span> 20% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="otherwise">otherwise</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="wasted">wasted</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="useful">useful</span> <span word="electricity">electricity</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="challenge">challenge</span> <span word="lies">lies</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="finding">finding</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="substance">substance</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="conducts">conducts</span> <span word="electricity">electricity</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="badly">badly</span>. <span word="These">These</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="properties">properties</span> <span word="define">define</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="physicists">physicists</span> <span word="call">call</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="figure">figure</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="merit">merit</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="thermoelectric">thermoelectric</span> <span word="substance">substance</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="describes">describes</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="device">device</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="substance">substance</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="generate">generate</span>. <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Kanatzidiss">Kanatzidiss</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="aims">aims</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="materials">materials</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="higher">higher</span> <span word="figures">figures</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="merit">merit</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="attainable">attainable</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="todays">todays</span> <span word="semiconductors">semiconductors</span>. <span word="Since">Since</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="electrical">electrical</span> <span word="properties">properties</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="solids">solids</span> <span word="depend">depend</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="crystal">crystal</span> <span word="structures">structures</span>, <span word="his">his</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="experimenting">experimenting</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="atomic">atomic</span> <span word="lattices">lattices</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="particular">particular</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="chemicals">chemicals</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="chalcogenides">chalcogenides</span>. <span word="These">These</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="compounds">compounds</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="oxygen">oxygen</span>, <span word="sulphur">sulphur</span>, <span word="selenium">selenium</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="tellurium">tellurium</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="thought">thought</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="particularly">particularly</span> <span word="suitable">suitable</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="thermoelectric">thermoelectric</span> <span word="applications">applications</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="structure">structure</span> <span word="allows">allows</span> <span word="electric">electric</span> <span word="currents">currents</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="flow">flow</span> <span word="while">while</span> <span word="blocking">blocking</span> <span word="thermal">thermal</span> <span word="currents">currents</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="thus">thus</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="figure">figure</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="merit">merit</span>. <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Kanatzidiss">Kanatzidiss</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="developing">developing</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="making">making</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="compounds">compounds</span> <span word="crystallise">crystallise</span> <span word="correctly">correctly</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="existing">existing</span> <span word="devices">devices</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="economically">economically</span> <span word="useful">useful</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="fuel">fuel</span> <span word="prices">prices</span> <span word="rise">rise</span>, <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Kanatzidis">Kanatzidis</span> <span word="argues">argues</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="America">America</span>, <span word="transport">transport</span> <span word="accounts">accounts</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="quarter">quarter</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="used">used</span>. <span word="Fitting">Fitting</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="thermoelectric">thermoelectric</span> <span word="devices">devices</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="exhaust">exhaust</span> <span word="pipes">pipes</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="vehicles">vehicles</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="squeeze">squeeze</span> <span word="another">another</span> 10% <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fuela">fuela</span> <span word="saving">saving</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="especially">especially</span> <span word="relevant">relevant</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="hybrid">hybrid</span> <span word="petrol">petrol</span>/<span word="electric">electric</span> <span word="devices">devices</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="battery">battery</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="recharged">recharged</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="recycling">recycling</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="otherwise">otherwise</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="dissipated">dissipated</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="energy">energy</span>-<span word="draining">draining</span> <span word="activities">activities</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="braking">braking</span>. <span word="Similarly">Similarly</span>, <span word="attaching">attaching</span> <span word="thermoelectric">thermoelectric</span> <span word="devices">devices</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="flues">flues</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="plants">plants</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="generate">generate</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="useful">useful</span> <span word="power">power</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="thermoelectric">thermoelectric</span> <span word="devices">devices</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="areas">areas</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="alongside">alongside</span> <span word="solar">solar</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="solar">solar</span> <span word="heating">heating</span> <span word="systems">systems</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="geothermal">geothermal</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="nuclear">nuclear</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="plants">plants</span>. <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Kanatzidis">Kanatzidis</span> <span word="argues">argues</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="wherever">wherever</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="generated">generated</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="generation">generation</span>, <span word="thermoelectric">thermoelectric</span> <span word="devices">devices</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="extract">extract</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="useful">useful</span> <span word="energy">energy</span>. <span word="Waste">Waste</span> <span word="not">not</span>, <span word="want">want</span> <span word="not">not</span>.</p>
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