狗会表现出的嫉妒行为
<p> 狗会表现出的嫉妒行为 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="surprise">surprise</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="dog">dog</span> <span word="owners">owners</span>: <span word="Dogs">Dogs</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="act">act</span> <span word="jealous">jealous</span>, <span word="finds">finds</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="California">California</span>, <span word="San">San</span> <span word="Diego">Diego</span>. <span word="Darwin">Darwin</span> <span word="thought">thought</span> <span word="so">so</span>, <span word="too">too</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="emotion">emotion</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="arguing">arguing</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="jealousy">jealousy</span> <span word="requires">requires</span> <span word="complex">complex</span> <span word="cognition">cognition</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="scientists">scientists</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="jealousy">jealousy</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="entirely">entirely</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="construct">construct</span> -- <span word="not">not</span> <span word="seen">seen</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="cultures">cultures</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="fundamental">fundamental</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="hard">hard</span>-<span word="wired">wired</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="fear">fear</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="anger">anger</span> <span word="are">are</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="current">current</span> <span word="study">study</span> -- <span word="published">published</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="PLOS">PLOS</span> <span word="ONE">ONE</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="UC">UC</span> <span word="San">San</span> <span word="Diego">Diego</span> <span word="psychology">psychology</span> <span word="professor">professor</span> <span word="Christine">Christine</span> <span word="Harris">Harris</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="former">former</span> <span word="honors">honors</span> <span word="student">student</span> <span word="Caroline">Caroline</span> <span word="Prouvost">Prouvost</span> -- <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="experimental">experimental</span> <span word="test">test</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="jealous">jealous</span> <span word="behaviors">behaviors</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="dogs">dogs</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="findings">findings</span> <span word="support">support</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="view">view</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="basic">basic</span> <span word="form">form</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="jealousy">jealousy</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="evolved">evolved</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="protect">protect</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="bonds">bonds</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="interlopers">interlopers</span>. <span word="Harris">Harris</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Prouvost">Prouvost</span> <span word="show">show</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="dogs">dogs</span> <span word="exhibit">exhibit</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="jealous">jealous</span> <span word="behaviors">behaviors</span>, <span word="like">like</span> <span word="snapping">snapping</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="pushing">pushing</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="owner">owner</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rival">rival</span>, <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="owner">owner</span> <span word="showed">showed</span> <span word="affection">affection</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="appeared">appeared</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="dog">dog</span> . <span word="Dogs">Dogs</span> <span word="exhibited">exhibited</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="behaviors">behaviors</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="affection">affection</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="showered">showered</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="novel">novel</span> <span word="object">object</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="owner">owner</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="attention">attention</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="simply">simply</span> <span word="diverted">diverted</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="reading">reading</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="book">book</span>. <span word="Our">Our</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="suggests">suggests</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="dogs">dogs</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="engage">engage</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="appear">appear</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="jealous">jealous</span> <span word="behaviors">behaviors</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="seeking">seeking</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="break">break</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="connection">connection</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="owner">owner</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="seeming">seeming</span> <span word="rival">rival</span>, <span word="Harris">Harris</span> <span word="said">said</span>. <span word="We">We</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="really">really</span> <span word="speak">speak</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="dogs">dogs</span> <span word="subjective">subjective</span> <span word="experiences">experiences</span>, <span word="of">of</span> <span word="course">course</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="looks">looks</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="though">though</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="motivated">motivated</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="protect">protect</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="relationship">relationship</span>. <span word="Since">Since</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="prior">prior</span> <span word="experiments">experiments</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="dog">dog</span> <span word="jealousy">jealousy</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="adapted">adapted</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="test">test</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="with">with</span> 6-<span word="month">month</span>-<span word="old">old</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="infants">infants</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="worked">worked</span> <span word="with">with</span> 36 <span word="dogs">dogs</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="homes">homes</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="videotaped">videotaped</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="owners">owners</span> <span word="ignoring">ignoring</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="favor">favor</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="stuffed">stuffed</span>, <span word="animated">animated</span> <span word="dog">dog</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="jack">jack</span>-<span word="o">o</span>-<span word="lantern">lantern</span> <span word="pail">pail</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="conditions">conditions</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="owners">owners</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="instructed">instructed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="treat">treat</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="objects">objects</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="though">though</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="real">real</span> <span word="dogs">dogs</span> -- <span word="petting">petting</span> <span word="them">them</span>, <span word="talking">talking</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="sweetly">sweetly</span>, <span word="etc">etc</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="third">third</span> <span word="scenario">scenario</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="owners">owners</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="asked">asked</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="read">read</span> <span word="aloud">aloud</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pop">pop</span>-<span word="up">up</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="played">played</span> <span word="melodies">melodies</span>. <span word="Two">Two</span> <span word="independent">independent</span> <span word="raters">raters</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="coded">coded</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="videos">videos</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="variety">variety</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="aggressive">aggressive</span>, <span word="disruptive">disruptive</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="attention">attention</span>-<span word="seeking">seeking</span> <span word="behaviors">behaviors</span>. <span word="Dogs">Dogs</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="twice">twice</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="push">push</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="touch">touch</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="owner">owner</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="owner">owner</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="interacting">interacting</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="faux">faux</span> <span word="dog">dog</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="owner">owner</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="attending">attending</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pail">pail</span> . <span word="Even">Even</span> <span word="fewer">fewer</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="condition">condition</span>. <span word="About">About</span> 30 <span word="percent">percent</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="dogs">dogs</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="tried">tried</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="owner">owner</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="stuffed">stuffed</span> <span word="animal">animal</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="while">while</span> 25 <span word="percent">percent</span> <span word="snapped">snapped</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="dog">dog</span>, <span word="only">only</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pail">pail</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="book">book</span>. <span word="Did">Did</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="dogs">dogs</span> <span word="believe">believe</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="stuffed">stuffed</span> <span word="animal">animal</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="real">real</span> <span word="rival">rival</span>? <span word="Harris">Harris</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Prouvost">Prouvost</span> <span word="write">write</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="aggression">aggression</span> <span word="suggests">suggests</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="did">did</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="cite">cite</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="additional">additional</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="that">that</span> 86 <span word="percent">percent</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="dogs">dogs</span> <span word="sniffed">sniffed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="toy">toy</span> <span word="dog">dog</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="rear">rear</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="experiment">experiment</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="post">post</span>-<span word="experiment">experiment</span> <span word="phase">phase</span>.</p>
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