2014考研英语复习之阅读中长难句三种句型
<p> 做好阅读需要五方面能力：词义辨析能力、长难句分析能力、逻辑思维能力、篇章分析能力和题型分析能力。如果你能够具备词义辨析能力、长难句分析能力的话，对后面的复习将会大有帮助。在研究真题的过程中同学们应该经常背诵一些结构优美的句子，这对作文水平的提高会有很大帮助。 从近几年的考查趋势可以看出，考研英语越来越注重对考生英语基本能力的考查，而考研语法则是构成这种基本能力的一个基石。考研阅读理解文章的特点是各种复杂的长难句型遍布在文章的各个角落，如果没有扎实的句型知识基础，就会给做题带来很大的困难。所以，为了让你的阅读在日后有质的突破，为了能把做题的方法和技巧更好地应用到做题当中去，请你务必沉下心来，了解一下考研阅读中的长、难句真相。明白了这一真相，你才不会在日后的做题中一筹莫展，而是万分从容。 在此，通过全方位把握考研阅读的文章内容，我们把考研阅读中的句型，从宏观的角度分为以下三类：短而难的句子、虚假的长难句、真正的长难句。接下来我们逐个分析。 短而难的句子 首先我们看一下什么是短而难的句子。这些句子一般都是约定俗成的谚语，是广大人民群众智慧的结晶。既然是结晶，意思表达就会较抽象，难以快速把握，需要我们结合具体语境进行深层的把握。同学们看这一句: <span word="it">it</span> <span word="never">never</span> <span word="rains">rains</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="pours">pours</span>.这是2007年第四篇阅读理解的第一句话，相当于文章的题眼，其字面意思很简单：从来不下雨，但是下倾盆大雨。很明显，这不是一句人类能识别的汉语，倾盆大雨不是雨吗?那样翻译肯定不行。其实这句话是英语中很有名的谚语：不雨则已，一雨倾盆，不鸣则已，一鸣惊人。如果描述的是坏事，同学们可以借鉴第一种译法，类似于祸不单行的意思;如果是好事，同学们可以借鉴第二种，就是一鸣惊人。同样的表达在考研英语的阅读文章及题目中经常出现，如1998年第一篇文章最后一题四个选项都是谚语： [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="It">It</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="crying">crying</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="spilt">spilt</span> <span word="milk">milk</span> ;[<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="More">More</span> <span word="haste">haste</span>, <span word="less">less</span> <span word="speed">speed</span> ;[<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="Look">Look</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="leap">leap</span> ;[<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="He">He</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="laughs">laughs</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="laughs">laughs</span> <span word="best">best</span> 。 2007年第一篇阅读理解最后一题的四个选项也都是谚语：[<span word="A">A</span>]<span word="Faith">Faith</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="move">move</span> <span word="mountains">mountains</span>;[<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="One">One</span> <span word="reap">reap</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="sows">sows</span>;[<span word="C">C</span>]<span word="Practice">Practice</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="perfect">perfect</span>;[<span word="D">D</span>]<span word="Like">Like</span> <span word="father">father</span>, <span word="like">like</span> <span word="son">son</span>。无一例外的，这两道题都是以文章的主旨题形式出现的，由此可见谚语在考研中的重要性。其实，这类表达考查的基本上就是同学们英语语言的积累，没有相应的积累，很难将它理解到位。但是有的时候积累只是基础，还要会灵活运用。我们看一下这句话<span word="no">no</span> <span word="pains">pains</span>, <span word="no">no</span> <span word="gains">gains</span>的意思，地球人都知道是不是?但是1998年的第二篇阅读的开头是这样使用的这句话：<span word="No">No</span> <span word="pains">pains</span>, <span word="no">no</span> <span word="gains">gains</span>. <span word="What">What</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="pains">pains</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="gains">gains</span>?意思是：一分耕耘一分收获。但是如果只有耕耘没有收获呢?暗示下文的美国商界的产业结构调整做的全部是无用功。 那么我们怎么应对这类难句呢?积累。考研单词书上有很多这类句子，但是不少同学见到这类句子，总是绕着走，不去记。其实这些东西比单词好记，记单词的时候顺便记一下就可以。此外，这里需要告诫同学们一点：记忆日常表达中经常使用的谚语对写作也会有非常大的帮助，谚语会成为提升作文语言水平的亮点。但是切忌在写作时胡编乱造。我见一个学生在考研作文中写过一个这样的句子：<span word="As">As</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="saying">saying</span> <span word="goes">goes</span>, <span word="one">one</span> <span word="arrow">arrow</span>, <span word="two">two</span> <span word="birds">birds</span>.很明显这位同学是想表达一石二鸟之意，但是这句话有特定的表达，不能随意编造。<span word="Kill">Kill</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="birds">birds</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="stone">stone</span>.才是正确的表达。还有经常威胁人用的<span word="give">give</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="color">color</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="see">see</span>.这类胡编乱造、让阅卷老师先是迷惑而后震怒的表达，千万不要出现在你的试卷上，你那不是拿自己的命运开玩笑吗?即使阅卷老师不能记住每个谚语，以他们的英语修养也可以很快地判断出你这个表达符不符合英语表达习惯。所以同学们一定要踏踏实实地复习，别想着投机取巧。 虚假长难句 这类句型的特点是，插入成分较多，第一眼看上去绝对让你头晕眼花，不知所措。但其实只要去掉那些虚伪的修饰，这个句子犹抱琵琶半遮面的神秘感就荡然无存，句子的结构也就立刻清晰了。那这些虚伪的成分到底是什么呢?就让我们通过几个极具代表性的例子来看一下吧。 <span word="Although">Although</span> <span word="warnings">warnings</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="appropriate">appropriate</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="necessarythe">necessarythe</span> <span word="dangers">dangers</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="interaction">interaction</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="example">example</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="required">required</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="government">government</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="isnt">isnt</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="protect">protect</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="manufacturers">manufacturers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sellers">sellers</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="liability">liability</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="customer">customer</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="injured">injured</span>. 一眼扫视之后，发现这个句子挺长的，而且有两个破折号。两个破折号，或是两个逗号之间的内容往往是插入语的成分，这种成分的特点就是拎出来之后不影响句子的结构，并且在考研阅读文章中，这样的成分又往往不是文中的重点信息，所以应该直接跳过对其采取不予理睬的策略。好，句子现在变成了：<span word="Although">Although</span> <span word="warnings">warnings</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="appropriate">appropriate</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="necessary">necessary</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="required">required</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="government">government</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="isnt">isnt</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="protect">protect</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="manufacturers">manufacturers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sellers">sellers</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="liability">liability</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="customer">customer</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="injured">injured</span>. 这样一看句子就变成了<span word="Although">Although</span>，<span word="it">it</span> <span word="isnt">isnt</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="that">that</span>，这样一个主语从句型结构。 这个句子在阅读的过程中，可以再次简化，因为<span word="Although">Although</span> 引导的让步状语从句在阅读中并不是重点信息，所以我们的目光就可以聚焦到<span word="it">it</span> <span word="isnt">isnt</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="protect">protect</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="manufacturers">manufacturers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sellers">sellers</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="liability">liability</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="customer">customer</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="injured">injured</span>. 此句型结构是一个形式主语从句的结构，形容词<span word="clear">clear</span>对应的主语其实是<span word="that">that</span>引导的内容，在这个从句中我们又发现了一个引导词<span word="if">if</span>，这个<span word="if">if</span> 引导的从句包含在<span word="that">that</span> 从句当中。 接下来，我们再仔细看<span word="that">that</span>从句中的内容是<span word="they">they</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="protect">protect</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="manufacturers">manufacturers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sellers">sellers</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="liability">liability</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="customer">customer</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="injured">injured</span>在这个从句当中<span word="if">if</span> 所引导的从句是一个条件状语从句。 通过这样分析，句子在层层简化之后就变得非常清晰了。这类句子往往长而不难，原因在于，要么包含了<span word="although">although</span>引导的一个长长的从句，要么就是诸如头衔、身份、或职位的专有名词较多，而这些信息在阅读解题时并不是重要的信息，所以我们一旦遇到这种情况就可以迅速绕过，直击核心信息。 真正的长难句 虚假的长难句可以说是只长不难，句子的主干结构很容易抓住，虚伪信息容易剔除;而考研长难句中，还有一部分是从句嵌套严重所致结构更加复杂的句型，这种句子的理解难度就会空前地加大。如果把那些虚假长难句比喻成武术中的容易被破解没什么杀伤力的花把势，那接下来讲的真正的长难句就是内外兼修的武林高手了。我们来见识一下吧。 先来看一个例子： <span word="When">When</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="movement">movement</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="art">art</span> <span word="attains">attains</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="fashion">fashion</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="advisable">advisable</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="advocates">advocates</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="aiming">aiming</span> <span word="at">at</span>, <span word="for">for</span>, <span word="however">however</span> <span word="farfetched">farfetched</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="unreasonable">unreasonable</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="principles">principles</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="seem">seem</span> <span word="today">today</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="regarded">regarded</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="normal">normal</span>. 这是2000年阅读理解第三篇的第一句话，总共46个单词，是典型的长难句。但是核心信息就只是其中的12个单词，考点也是这12个单词。那么我们该如何去锁定这个核心信息呢?首先把修饰成分一一剥离，剩下的就是句子的主要信息。先找连词，宏观上区分主干部分和修饰部分。看到从属连词<span word="when">when</span>一直到逗号之前只有一个谓语动词，可知逗号前就是一个从句，<span word="when">when</span>状语从句，判定为修饰成分，暂时不看。再往后，看到<span word="however">however</span>，引导让步状语从句，意为无论，不管。也许有同学会问，我怎么就知道<span word="however">however</span>是引导从句，还是仅仅表示两个句子之间的转折呢?其实，很好区分。如果<span word="however">however</span>后面有逗号的话，就是单纯地表示前后句的转折，否定前半句话;如果没有逗号的话，尤其是后面跟的是形容词或副词时，那么引导的就是让步状语从句，即这句话就不是主要信息了，在阅读理解中可以绕过。到这里，这个句子就剩下：<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="advisable">advisable</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="advocates">advocates</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="aiming">aiming</span> <span word="at">at</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="regarded">regarded</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="normal">normal</span>。那么，你会发现<span word="for">for</span>后面跟的是一个完整的句子，句中有自己的谓语动词，也就是说，在这里<span word="for">for</span>引导的是原因状语从句，也是修饰部分。本句中从句嵌套严重，其中最难判断的从句就是<span word="for">for</span>引导的原因状语从句，那么在以后的做题过程中，如何更好地把握呢?只要记住一条：<span word="for">for</span>后面如果跟的是名词或名词性成分，那么它就是介词;如果后面跟的是有主谓的完整的句子，那么它就是引导从句，表原因。区分了这一点，不仅对做阅读理解大有帮助，对做翻译时的断句也是大有裨益的。好了，现在这个句子就清水出芙蓉，天然去雕饰了：<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="advisable">advisable</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="advocates">advocates</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="aiming">aiming</span> <span word="at">at</span>.这就是本长难句的核心信息所在。其中，<span word="it">it</span>就是我们说的形式主语，真正的主语不定式短语是：<span word="to">to</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="advocates">advocates</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="aiming">aiming</span> <span word="at">at</span>.分析到这里第一道题就会做了，这个句子的主语就是答案。</p>
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