2014考研英语冲刺策略之因果关系策略
<p> 因果关系策略： 很多完形填空或阅读理解的篇章是社会科学的专业学术论文。 比如2008年语言知识运用中的完形填空题就属于这一类。这类论文的一大特点是，全文都在说明一个因果关系，这个因果关系可以用<span word="y">y</span>=<span word="f">f</span>这一公式来表示。<span word="x">x</span>是自变量，<span word="y">y</span>是因变量，这一关系的表述就是全文的核心问题：种族的智商高低与遗传病概率有何联系?文中提出，独立研究人员<span word="Gregory">Gregory</span> <span word="Cochran">Cochran</span>提出了创新观点：中欧某一种族的智商优于其他，而智商越高，遗传病概率越大。在这篇论文中，<span word="x">x</span>就成了智商高低，<span word="y">y</span>就成了遗传病概率，两者之间成正相关关系。也就是说，对于这篇文章核心问题的回答是：种族遗传病概率与种族智商成正比。 如果能够在阅读篇章的时候，将全文几百字内容抽象成<span word="y">y</span>=<span word="f">f</span>的因果关系，我们就不必担心文章中心思想的把握。将文章简化为核心问题和因果公式<span word="y">y</span>=<span word="f">f</span>的过程本身，就是一个留清瘦的过程。 循着这一思路，我们再来看2008年阅读理解的第一篇文章： 首先，阅读文后问题，感觉这是一篇讲述女性生活压力的议论文; 其次，对文后问题归类，第21、23和24题是微观问题，其他是宏观问题; 然后，来到文中寻找<span word="y">y</span>=<span word="f">f</span>的因果关系： 通过阅读第一自然段，我们可以试归纳： 女性面对压力较男性更易焦躁。 <span word="x">x</span>为压力，<span word="y">y</span>为焦躁，<span word="y">y</span>=<span word="kx">kx</span> <span word="x">x</span> 第22题的答案也就清楚了，<span word="D">D</span>选项<span word="be">be</span> <span word="exposed">exposed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="stress">stress</span>与文中<span word="increased">increased</span> <span word="opportunities">opportunities</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="stress">stress</span>含义相同，所以选<span word="D">D</span>。 22. <span word="Dr">Dr</span>. <span word="Yehudas">Yehudas</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="suggests">suggests</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="need">need</span> <span word="extra">extra</span> <span word="doses">doses</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="chemicals">chemicals</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="handle">handle</span> <span word="stress">stress</span>. <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="have">have</span> <span word="limited">limited</span> <span word="capacity">capacity</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="tolerating">tolerating</span> <span word="stress">stress</span>. <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="are">are</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="capable">capable</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="avoiding">avoiding</span> <span word="stress">stress</span>. <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="are">are</span> <span word="exposed">exposed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="stress">stress</span>. 继续阅读第四自然段，作者又进一步提出了一个新观点： 女性接触的事务多具有长期性和重复性的特点。 公式变为<span word="y">y</span>=<span word="x">x</span> 所以，第23题的答案自然是<span word="C">C</span>。 23. <span word="According">According</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Paragraph">Paragraph</span> 4, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="stress">stress</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="confront">confront</span> <span word="tends">tends</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="domestic">domestic</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="temporary">temporary</span>. <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="irregular">irregular</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="violent">violent</span>. <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="durable">durable</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="frequent">frequent</span>. <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="trivial">trivial</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="random">random</span>. 第五自然段以<span word="Adeline">Adeline</span> <span word="Alvarez">Alvarez</span>为例说明，第24题稍有难度： 24. <span word="Then">Then</span> <span word="sentence">sentence</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="lived">lived</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="paycheck">paycheck</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="paycheck">paycheck</span> <span word="shows">shows</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="Alvarez">Alvarez</span> <span word="care">care</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="nothing">nothing</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="making">making</span> <span word="money">money</span>. <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="Alvarezs">Alvarezs</span> <span word="salary">salary</span> <span word="barely">barely</span> <span word="covered">covered</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="household">household</span> <span word="expenses">expenses</span>. <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="Alvarez">Alvarez</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="paychecks">paychecks</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="jobs">jobs</span>. <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="Alvarez">Alvarez</span> <span word="paid">paid</span> <span word="practically">practically</span> <span word="everything">everything</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="check">check</span>. <span word="D">D</span>选项是干扰项，<span word="paycheck">paycheck</span>是指支付薪金的支票、薪金或工资，但在文中并没有说到<span word="pay">pay</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="check">check</span>，而是说的<span word="pay">pay</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rent">rent</span>, <span word="pay">pay</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="car">car</span> <span word="payment">payment</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="pay">pay</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="debt">debt</span>。加上前文说到<span word="AA">AA</span>离婚后成了单亲母亲，所以生活拮据、入不敷出。因此，答案应当选<span word="B">B</span>。 第六自然段是结论部分，因为从公式<span word="y">y</span>=<span word="x">x</span>中可以看出，压力的系数有<span word="k">k</span>、<span word="o">o</span>、<span word="p">p</span>三个，分别是女性脆弱性、压力来源和压力性质，脆弱性是内因，压力来源和性质是外因。那么对症下药，由果导因，要解决焦躁的问题，就要从压力的三个系数下手，作者提出的方案是：分散压力，保持健康。 第25题是给文章选择题目，属于宏观问题，选项也有较大的迷惑性。 25. <span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="title">title</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="text">text</span>? <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="Strain">Strain</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Stress">Stress</span>: <span word="No">No</span> <span word="Way">Way</span> <span word="Out">Out</span>? <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="Responses">Responses</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Stress">Stress</span>: <span word="Gender">Gender</span> <span word="Difference">Difference</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="Stress">Stress</span> <span word="Analysis">Analysis</span>: <span word="What">What</span> <span word="Chemicals">Chemicals</span> <span word="Say">Say</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="Gender">Gender</span> <span word="Inequality">Inequality</span>: <span word="Women">Women</span> <span word="Under">Under</span> <span word="Stress">Stress</span> 首先，我们可以排除<span word="C">C</span>，因为<span word="C">C</span>选项只涉及到了性激素一个方面，也就是仅体现了公式中的<span word="k">k</span>系数，没有涉及<span word="o">o</span>和<span word="p">p</span>。 其次，全文可以说一直围绕女性问题进行分析，所以应当有<span word="gender">gender</span>的考虑，因此可以淘汰<span word="A">A</span>。 最后，<span word="B">B</span>选项只是提到<span word="Responses">Responses</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="stress">stress</span>，冒号之后又加了个副标题：男女不同，那就只是涵盖了男女对于压力的不同反应，而不是分析面对压力出现不同反应的原因和解决方案。 所以，<span word="D">D</span>选项就当仁不让地成为正确选项。<span word="D">D</span>选项的意思是：性别不平等之压力下的女性，可以理解为将<span word="k">k</span>、<span word="o">o</span>、<span word="p">p</span>三个要素综合理解为性别不平等的三种表现：内因是雌性激素，外因则是女性面临的压力来源和性质，具有一定的社会结构性。所以，<span word="D">D</span>选项实际上需要考生在原有的因果关系基础上进一步升华，总结并上升到社会结构的层面上，才能够选中正确答案。这是对考生提出的一个较高要求。</p>
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