考研英语真题阅读试题及名师解析(十四)
<p> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Supreme">Supreme</span> <span word="Court">Court</span> <span word="sdecisions">sdecisions</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="physician">physician</span>-<span word="assisted">assisted</span> <span word="suicide">suicide</span> <span word="carry">carry</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="implications">implications</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="howmedicine">howmedicine</span> <span word="seeks">seeks</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="relieve">relieve</span> <span word="dying">dying</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="pain">pain</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="suffering">suffering</span>。 <span word="Although">Although</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="ruled">ruled</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="constitutional">constitutional</span> <span word="right">right</span> <span word="tophysician">tophysician</span>-<span word="assisted">assisted</span> <span word="suicide">suicide</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Court">Court</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="supported">supported</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="medical">medical</span> <span word="principleof">principleof</span> <span word="double">double</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> , <span word="a">a</span> <span word="centuries">centuries</span>-<span word="old">old</span> <span word="moral">moral</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="holding">holding</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="anaction">anaction</span> <span word="having">having</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="effectsa">effectsa</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="intended">intended</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="harmful">harmful</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="foreseenis">foreseenis</span> <span word="permissibleif">permissibleif</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="actor">actor</span> <span word="intends">intends</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>。 <span word="Doctors">Doctors</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="justify">justify</span> <span word="usinghigh">usinghigh</span> <span word="doses">doses</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="morphine">morphine</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="control">control</span> <span word="terminally">terminally</span> <span word="ill">ill</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="pain">pain</span>, <span word="even">even</span> <span word="thoughincreasing">thoughincreasing</span> <span word="dosages">dosages</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="eventually">eventually</span> <span word="kill">kill</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="patient">patient</span>。 <span word="Nancy">Nancy</span> <span word="Dubler">Dubler</span>, <span word="director">director</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Montefiore">Montefiore</span> <span word="Medical">Medical</span> <span word="Center">Center</span>, <span word="contends">contends</span> <span word="thatthe">thatthe</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="shield">shield</span> <span word="doctors">doctors</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="until">until</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="very">very</span>, <span word="very">very</span> <span word="stronglyinsisted">stronglyinsisted</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="give">give</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="sufficient">sufficient</span> <span word="mediation">mediation</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="controltheir">controltheir</span> <span word="pain">pain</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="hasten">hasten</span> <span word="death">death</span>. <span word="George">George</span> <span word="Annas">Annas</span>, <span word="chair">chair</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="health">health</span> <span word="law">law</span> <span word="department">department</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="BostonUniversity">BostonUniversity</span>, <span word="maintains">maintains</span> <span word="that">that</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="doctor">doctor</span> <span word="prescribes">prescribes</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="alegitimate">alegitimate</span> <span word="medical">medical</span> <span word="purpose">purpose</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="doctor">doctor</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="done">done</span> <span word="nothing">nothing</span> <span word="illegal">illegal</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="thepatient">thepatient</span> <span word="uses">uses</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="hasten">hasten</span> <span word="death">death</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="surgery">surgery</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="says">says</span>. <span word="We">We</span> <span word="don">don</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="call">call</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="deaths">deaths</span> <span word="homicides">homicides</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="doctors">doctors</span> <span word="didn">didn</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="intend">intend</span> <span word="tokill">tokill</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="patients">patients</span>, <span word="although">although</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="risked">risked</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="death">death</span>. <span word="If">If</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="re">re</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="physician">physician</span>,<span word="you">you</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="risk">risk</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="patient">patient</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="suicide">suicide</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="don">don</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="intend">intend</span> <span word="theirsuicide">theirsuicide</span>. <span word="On">On</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="level">level</span>, <span word="many">many</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="medical">medical</span> <span word="community">community</span> <span word="acknowledge">acknowledge</span> <span word="thatthe">thatthe</span> <span word="assisted">assisted</span>-<span word="suicide">suicide</span> <span word="debate">debate</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="fueled">fueled</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="despair">despair</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="patientsfor">patientsfor</span> <span word="whom">whom</span> <span word="modem">modem</span> <span word="medicine">medicine</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="prolonged">prolonged</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="physical">physical</span> <span word="agony">agony</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="dying">dying</span>。 <span word="Just">Just</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="weeks">weeks</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Court">Court</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="ruling">ruling</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="physician">physician</span>-<span word="assistedsuicide">assistedsuicide</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="National">National</span> <span word="Academy">Academy</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Science">Science</span> <span word="released">released</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="two">two</span>-<span word="volume">volume</span> <span word="report">report</span>,<span word="Approaching">Approaching</span> <span word="Death">Death</span>: <span word="Improving">Improving</span> <span word="Care">Care</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="End">End</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Life">Life</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="identifies">identifies</span> <span word="theundertreatment">theundertreatment</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="pain">pain</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="aggressive">aggressive</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ineffectual">ineffectual</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="forced">forced</span> <span word="medicalprocedures">medicalprocedures</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="prolong">prolong</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="dishonor">dishonor</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="period">period</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="dying">dying</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="thetwin">thetwin</span> <span word="problems">problems</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="end">end</span>-<span word="of">of</span>-<span word="life">life</span> <span word="care">care</span>。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="profession">profession</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="taking">taking</span> <span word="steps">steps</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="require">require</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="doctors">doctors</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="train">train</span> <span word="inhospices">inhospices</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="test">test</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="aggressive">aggressive</span> <span word="pain">pain</span> <span word="management">management</span> <span word="therapies">therapies</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="developa">developa</span> <span word="Medicare">Medicare</span> <span word="billing">billing</span> <span word="code">code</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="hospital">hospital</span>-<span word="based">based</span> <span word="care">care</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="develop">develop</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="standardsfor">standardsfor</span> <span word="assessing">assessing</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="treating">treating</span> <span word="pain">pain</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="life">life</span>。 <span word="Annas">Annas</span> <span word="says">says</span> <span word="lawyers">lawyers</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="play">play</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="key">key</span> <span word="role">role</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="insisting">insisting</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="thesewell">thesewell</span>-<span word="meaning">meaning</span> <span word="medical">medical</span> <span word="initiatives">initiatives</span> <span word="translate">translate</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="care">care</span>. <span word="Largenumbers">Largenumbers</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="physicians">physicians</span> <span word="seem">seem</span> <span word="unconcerned">unconcerned</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pain">pain</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="areneedlessly">areneedlessly</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="predictably">predictably</span> <span word="suffering">suffering</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="extent">extent</span> <span word="thatit">thatit</span> <span word="constitutes">constitutes</span> <span word="systematic">systematic</span> <span word="patient">patient</span> <span word="abuse">abuse</span>。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="says">says</span> <span word="medicallicensing">medicallicensing</span> <span word="boards">boards</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> ... <span word="that">that</span> <span word="painful">painful</span> <span word="deaths">deaths</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="presumptively">presumptively</span> <span word="onesthat">onesthat</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="incompetently">incompetently</span> <span word="managed">managed</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="license">license</span> <span word="suspension">suspension</span>。 36. <span word="From">From</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="paragraphs">paragraphs</span>, <span word="we">we</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="that">that</span> [<span word="A">A</span>]<span word="doctors">doctors</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="increase">increase</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="dosages">dosages</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="control">control</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="pain">pain</span>。 [<span word="B">B</span>]<span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="still">still</span> <span word="illegal">illegal</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="doctors">doctors</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="dying">dying</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="theirlives">theirlives</span>。 [<span word="C">C</span>]<span word="the">the</span> <span word="Supreme">Supreme</span> <span word="Court">Court</span> <span word="strongly">strongly</span> <span word="opposes">opposes</span> <span word="physician">physician</span>-<span word="assisted">assisted</span> <span word="suicide">suicide</span>。 [<span word="D">D</span>]<span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="constitutional">constitutional</span> <span word="right">right</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="commit">commit</span> <span word="suicide">suicide</span>。 37. <span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="statements">statements</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="true">true</span> <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="thetext">thetext</span>? [<span word="A">A</span>]<span word="Doctors">Doctors</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="held">held</span> <span word="guilty">guilty</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="risk">risk</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="death">death</span>。 [<span word="B">B</span>]<span word="Modern">Modern</span> <span word="medicine">medicine</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="assisted">assisted</span> <span word="terminally">terminally</span> <span word="ill">ill</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="painlessrecovery">painlessrecovery</span>。 [<span word="C">C</span>]<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Court">Court</span> <span word="ruled">ruled</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="high">high</span>-<span word="dosage">dosage</span> <span word="pain">pain</span>-<span word="relieving">relieving</span> <span word="medication">medication</span> <span word="canbe">canbe</span> <span word="prescribed">prescribed</span>。 [<span word="D">D</span>]<span word="A">A</span> <span word="doctor">doctor</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="medication">medication</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="longer">longer</span> <span word="justified">justified</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="intentions">intentions</span>。 38. <span word="According">According</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="NAS">NAS</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="report">report</span>, <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="problems">problems</span> <span word="inend">inend</span>-<span word="of">of</span>-<span word="life">life</span> <span word="care">care</span> <span word="is">is</span> [<span word="A">A</span>]<span word="prolonged">prolonged</span> <span word="medical">medical</span> <span word="procedures">procedures</span>。 [<span word="B">B</span>]<span word="inadequate">inadequate</span> <span word="treatment">treatment</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="pain">pain</span>。 [<span word="C">C</span>]<span word="systematic">systematic</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="abuse">abuse</span>。 [<span word="D">D</span>]<span word="insufficient">insufficient</span> <span word="hospital">hospital</span> <span word="care">care</span>。 39. <span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="defines">defines</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="word">word</span> <span word="aggressive">aggressive</span> ? [<span word="A">A</span>]<span word="Bold">Bold</span>. [<span word="B">B</span>]<span word="Harmful">Harmful</span>. [<span word="C">C</span>]<span word="Careless">Careless</span>. [<span word="D">D</span>]<span word="Desperate">Desperate</span>。 40. <span word="George">George</span> <span word="Annas">Annas</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="probably">probably</span> <span word="agree">agree</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="doctors">doctors</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="bepunished">bepunished</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="they">they</span> [<span word="A">A</span>]<span word="manage">manage</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="incompetently">incompetently</span>。 [<span word="B">B</span>]<span word="give">give</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="medicine">medicine</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="needed">needed</span>。 [<span word="C">C</span>]<span word="reduce">reduce</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="dosages">dosages</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="patients">patients</span>。 [<span word="D">D</span>]<span word="prolong">prolong</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="needless">needless</span> <span word="suffering">suffering</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="patients">patients</span>。 名师解析 36. <span word="From">From</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="paragraphs">paragraphs</span>, <span word="we">we</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="that">that</span> 从前三段我们得知 [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="doctors">doctors</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="increase">increase</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="dosages">dosages</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="control">control</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="pain">pain</span>。 医生过去常常增加药物剂量来控制病人的病痛。 [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="still">still</span> <span word="illegal">illegal</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="doctors">doctors</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="dying">dying</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="theirlives">theirlives</span>。 医生帮助病危者结束生命仍然是违法的。 [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Supreme">Supreme</span> <span word="Court">Court</span> <span word="strongly">strongly</span> <span word="opposes">opposes</span> <span word="physician">physician</span>-<span word="assisted">assisted</span> <span word="suicide">suicide</span>。 最高法院强烈反对医助自杀。 [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="constitutional">constitutional</span> <span word="right">right</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="commit">commit</span> <span word="suicide">suicide</span>。 病人没有宪法赋予的自杀权利。 【答案】 <span word="B">B</span> 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 本题针对第一到第三段的所有内容进行了测试，选项[<span word="A">A</span>]的相关信息可以定位到第三段，但是文中说近几年医生才用这个原则为自己的行为辩护。文中无法得出过去常常的说法。选项[<span word="B">B</span>]可以定位到第二段，文中提到宪法没有赋予这样的权利。所以可以说，本答案是正确的。选项[<span word="C">C</span>]可以定位到第二段，但是法院是支持这样的做法的。至于[<span word="D">D</span>]，显然是错的。 37. <span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="statements">statements</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="true">true</span> <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="thetext">thetext</span>? 根据文章，下面哪一个说法是正确的? [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="Doctors">Doctors</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="held">held</span> <span word="guilty">guilty</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="risk">risk</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="death">death</span>。 如果医生冒病人生命的危险，他们将被判有罪。 [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="Modern">Modern</span> <span word="medicine">medicine</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="assisted">assisted</span> <span word="terminally">terminally</span> <span word="ill">ill</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="inpainless">inpainless</span> <span word="recovery">recovery</span>。 现代医学已经帮助晚期病人进行无痛康复。 [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Court">Court</span> <span word="ruled">ruled</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="high">high</span>-<span word="dosage">dosage</span> <span word="pain">pain</span>-<span word="relieving">relieving</span> <span word="medication">medication</span> <span word="canbe">canbe</span> <span word="prescribed">prescribed</span>。 法院判决，医生可以开大剂量的镇疼药。 [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="A">A</span> <span word="doctor">doctor</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="medication">medication</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="longer">longer</span> <span word="justified">justified</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="intentions">intentions</span>。 医生用药是否合法不再取决于他的意图。 【答案】 <span word="C">C</span> 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 由于本题属于事实细节判断题，所以只有对每一个选项都进行辨析。选项[<span word="A">A</span>]可以定位到第五段<span word="Annas">Annas</span>的话。话中提到只要医生不是想杀死病人，那么他们的死亡就不能被称为谋杀。因此可以判定[<span word="A">A</span>]不正确。[<span word="B">B</span>]说病危者的无痛康复，在文中没有提到康复问题。[<span word="C">C</span>]可以从第二段中找到，高等法院认为只要医生是出于好意，则可以去做。因此可以得出[<span word="C">C</span>]是正确的。[<span word="D">D</span>]错误是因为事实上，医生的意图在对于行为是否合法上面是非常重要的。 38. <span word="According">According</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="NASs">NASs</span> <span word="report">report</span>, <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="theproblems">theproblems</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="end">end</span>-<span word="of">of</span>-<span word="life">life</span> <span word="care">care</span> <span word="is">is</span> 根据国家科学院的报告，临终护理存在的一个问题是 [<span word="A">A</span>]<span word="prolonged">prolonged</span> <span word="medical">medical</span> <span word="procedures">procedures</span>. 延长了的医疗过程。 [<span word="B">B</span>]<span word="inadequate">inadequate</span> <span word="treatment">treatment</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="pain">pain</span>. 对病痛处理不力。 [<span word="C">C</span>]<span word="systematic">systematic</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="abuse">abuse</span>. 一贯的药物滥用。 [<span word="D">D</span>]<span word="insufficient">insufficient</span> <span word="hospital">hospital</span> <span word="care">care</span>. 医院护理不力。 【答案】 <span word="B">B</span> 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 本题可以定位到第七段的第二句话中的<span word="the">the</span> <span word="undertreatment">undertreatment</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="pain">pain</span>以及<span word="the">the</span> <span word="aggressiveuse">aggressiveuse</span> <span word="ofineffectual">ofineffectual</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="forced">forced</span> <span word="medical">medical</span> <span word="procedures">procedures</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="prolong">prolong</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="evendishonor">evendishonor</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="period">period</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="dying">dying</span>。一个是对病人的疼痛治疗不力。另外一个是强行使用无效的治疗方法延长生命，使得病人的晚期失去尊严。因此，这里的答案应该是[<span word="C">C</span>]。 39. <span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="defines">defines</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="wordaggressive">wordaggressive</span>? 以下哪一个单词最好的解释了单词<span word="aggressive">aggressive</span>的意思? [<span word="A">A</span>]<span word="Bold">Bold</span>. 大胆的。 [<span word="B">B</span>]<span word="Harmful">Harmful</span>. 有害的。 [<span word="C">C</span>]<span word="Careless">Careless</span>. 粗心的。 [<span word="D">D</span>]<span word="Desperate">Desperate</span>. 绝望的。 【答案】 <span word="A">A</span> 【考点】 词义题。 【分析】 这个单词的所在句<span word="Itidentifies">Itidentifies</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="undertreatment">undertreatment</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="pain">pain</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="aggressive">aggressive</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ineffectualand">ineffectualand</span> <span word="forced">forced</span> <span word="medical">medical</span> <span word="procedures">procedures</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="prolong">prolong</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="dishonor">dishonor</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="period">period</span> <span word="ofdyingas">ofdyingas</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="twin">twin</span> <span word="problems">problems</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="end">end</span>-<span word="of">of</span>-<span word="life">life</span> <span word="care">care</span>。中，说的是对病痛处理不力和大胆使用无效而强制性的医疗程序，这些程序可能会延长死亡期，甚至会让死亡期难堪。对这种医疗程序的使用必须是<span word="aggressive">aggressive</span>的，是一般的方法不会用的。所以这个单词的意思就是<span word="bold">bold</span>。 40. <span word="George">George</span> <span word="Annas">Annas</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="probably">probably</span> <span word="agree">agree</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="doctors">doctors</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="bepunished">bepunished</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="they">they</span> 乔治安纳斯可能认为医生应该受到惩罚，如果他们 [<span word="A">A</span>]<span word="manage">manage</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="incompetently">incompetently</span>. 不胜任地治疗病人。 [<span word="B">B</span>]<span word="give">give</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="medicine">medicine</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="needed">needed</span>. 给病人的药物超量。 [<span word="C">C</span>]<span word="reduce">reduce</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="dosages">dosages</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="patients">patients</span>. 为病人减药。 [<span word="D">D</span>]<span word="prolong">prolong</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="needless">needless</span> <span word="suffering">suffering</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="patients">patients</span>。延长病人不必要的痛苦。 【答案】 <span word="D">D</span> 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 本题的答题依据是文章的最后一段。在这一段中，<span word="Annas">Annas</span>对大量的医生置病人的痛苦于不顾，无端地延长病人不必要的痛苦这种行为提出了批评，认为这种行为构成了虐待病人，并认为这样的医生应该予以吊销行医执照。因此可以判断[<span word="D">D</span>]选项是正确的。 难句解析： 1. <span word="Although">Although</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="ruled">ruled</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="constitutional">constitutional</span> <span word="right">right</span> <span word="tophysician">tophysician</span>-<span word="assisted">assisted</span> <span word="suicide">suicide</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Court">Court</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="supported">supported</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="medical">medical</span> <span word="principleof">principleof</span> <span word="double">double</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>， <span word="a">a</span> <span word="centuries">centuries</span>-<span word="old">old</span> <span word="moral">moral</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="holding">holding</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="action">action</span> <span word="having">having</span> <span word="twoeffectsa">twoeffectsa</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="intended">intended</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="harmful">harmful</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="foreseenispermissible">foreseenispermissible</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="actor">actor</span> <span word="intends">intends</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>。 【结构分析】本句的基本结构是<span word="although">although</span>引导的状语从句后面加一个主句。<span word="although">although</span>从句中有一个<span word="that">that</span>引导的宾语从句。本句的主句是<span word="the">the</span> <span word="court">court</span> <span word="supported">supported</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="medical">medical</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="ofdoubleeffect">ofdoubleeffect</span>，后面是一个对<span word="double">double</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>进行说明的同位语。 2. <span word="Nancy">Nancy</span> <span word="Dubler">Dubler</span>, <span word="director">director</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Montefiore">Montefiore</span> <span word="Medical">Medical</span> <span word="Center">Center</span>, <span word="contends">contends</span> <span word="thatthe">thatthe</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="shield">shield</span> <span word="doctors">doctors</span> <span word="whountil">whountil</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="very">very</span>,<span word="very">very</span> <span word="strongly">strongly</span> <span word="insisted">insisted</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="give">give</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="sufficient">sufficient</span> <span word="mediationto">mediationto</span> <span word="control">control</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="pain">pain</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="hasten">hasten</span> <span word="death">death</span>。 【结构分析】本句主语是<span word="Nancy">Nancy</span> <span word="Dubler">Dubler</span>，后面有一个修饰它的同位语，谓语是<span word="contends">contends</span>，后面有一个宾语从句，其中从句的宾语又有一个<span word="who">who</span>引导的定语从句，而且从句中有一个<span word="if">if</span>引导的假设状语从句。 3. <span word="On">On</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="level">level</span>, <span word="many">many</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="medical">medical</span> <span word="community">community</span> <span word="acknowledge">acknowledge</span> <span word="thatthe">thatthe</span> <span word="assisted">assisted</span>-<span word="suicide">suicide</span> <span word="debate">debate</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="fueled">fueled</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="despair">despair</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="patientsfor">patientsfor</span> <span word="whom">whom</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="medicine">medicine</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="prolonged">prolonged</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="physical">physical</span> <span word="agony">agony</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="dying">dying</span>。 【结构分析】该句的主句是<span word="many">many</span> <span word="acknowledge">acknowledge</span> ，后面的宾语从句中又有一个定语从句<span word="for">for</span> <span word="whom">whom</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="medicine">medicine</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="prolonged">prolonged</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="physical">physical</span> <span word="agony">agony</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="dying">dying</span>来修饰前面的<span word="patients">patients</span>。 全文翻译： 最高法庭关于医助自杀的裁决，对于医学界如何寻求减轻病危者的痛苦和折磨这个问题来说，具有重要的意义。 尽管裁决认为，宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利，然而最高法庭实际上却认可了医疗界的双效原则，这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为，如果某种行为具有双重效果希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果如果行为人只是想达到好的效果，这个行为就是可以被允许的。 尽管不断增加的剂量最终会杀死病人，近年来，医生们一直在借用这项原则，为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供辩护。 蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希都博勒认为，这项原则将会保护部分医生，因为这些医生直到现在都一直坚持认为，如果给病人大量的药品可能加速病人的死亡的话，他们就无法给病人足够的药来控制他们的疼痛。 波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治安纳斯坚持认为，只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药，那么即使服用此药会加速病人的死亡，医生的行为也没有违法。这就像做手术，他说，我们不能称那些死亡为谋杀是因为医生并没有想杀死病人，尽管他们敢冒病人死亡的危险。假定你是一名医生，只要你并没有想让病人自杀，你就可以去冒你的病人自杀的风险。 另一层面上，许多医疗界人士承认，致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪，对这些病人来说，现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。 就在最高法庭对医助自杀进行裁决的前三周，全国科学学会公布了一份长达两卷的报告《临近死亡：完善临终护理》。报告指出了医院临终关怀护理中存在的两个问题：对病痛处理不力和大胆使用无效而强制性的医疗程序，这些程序可能会延长死亡期，甚至会让病人在死亡期中尊严受到伤害。 医疗行业正在采取行动，使得年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训，对各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识进行测试，为医院护理制定一份符合美国医疗保障方案的付款条例，以及为评估和治疗临终痛苦制定新的标准。 安纳斯说，律师可以在要求把医疗界的这些善意的行为变成更好的护理行动方面发挥关键作用。不少医生对病人所遭受的毫无必要的，可预见的痛苦无动于衷，乃至于已构成蓄意虐待病人。他说，行医资格理事会必须明确表明病人痛苦地死亡，可以推定，是医生管理死亡病人不能胜任的表现，应该据此吊销其营业执照。</p>
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