首页 › 考研大学英语 › 考研英语阅读模拟试题及答案解析(六)

meili 发表于 2022-10-18 19:39:58

考研英语阅读模拟试题及答案解析(六)

<p>　　<span word="A">A</span> <span word="reportconsistently">reportconsistently</span> <span word="brought">brought</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="visitors">visitors</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="US">US</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="friendly">friendly</span>, <span word="courteous">courteous</span>, <span word="andhelpful">andhelpful</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="Americans">Americans</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="them">them</span>. <span word="To">To</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="fair">fair</span>, <span word="this">this</span> <span word="observation">observation</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="alsofrequently">alsofrequently</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Canada">Canada</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Canadians">Canadians</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="considered">considered</span> <span word="NorthAmerican">NorthAmerican</span>. <span word="There">There</span> <span word="are">are</span>, <span word="of">of</span> <span word="course">course</span>, <span word="exceptions">exceptions</span>. <span word="Small">Small</span>-<span word="minded">minded</span> <span word="officials">officials</span>, <span word="rudewaiters">rudewaiters</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="ill">ill</span>-<span word="mannered">mannered</span> <span word="taxi">taxi</span> <span word="drivers">drivers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="hardly">hardly</span> <span word="unknown">unknown</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="US">US</span>. <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="isan">isan</span> <span word="observation">observation</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="frequently">frequently</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="deserves">deserves</span> <span word="comment">comment</span>.　　<span word="For">For</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="period">period</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="parts">parts</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="country">country</span>, <span word="atraveler">atraveler</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="welcome">welcome</span> <span word="break">break</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="otherwise">otherwise</span> <span word="dull">dull</span> <span word="existence">existence</span>. <span word="Dullness">Dullness</span> <span word="andloneliness">andloneliness</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="common">common</span> <span word="problems">problems</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="families">families</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="generally">generally</span> <span word="lived">lived</span> <span word="distantfrom">distantfrom</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="another">another</span>. <span word="Strangers">Strangers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="travelers">travelers</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="welcome">welcome</span> <span word="sources">sources</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="diversion">diversion</span>,<span word="and">and</span> <span word="brought">brought</span> <span word="news">news</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="outside">outside</span> <span word="world">world</span>.　　<span word="The">The</span> <span word="harsh">harsh</span> <span word="realities">realities</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="frontier">frontier</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="shaped">shaped</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="tradition">tradition</span> <span word="ofhospitality">ofhospitality</span>. <span word="Someone">Someone</span> <span word="traveling">traveling</span> <span word="alone">alone</span>, <span word="if">if</span> <span word="hungry">hungry</span>, <span word="injured">injured</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="ill">ill</span>, <span word="often">often</span> <span word="hadnowhere">hadnowhere</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="except">except</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="nearest">nearest</span> <span word="cabin">cabin</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="settlement">settlement</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="matterof">matterof</span> <span word="choice">choice</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="traveler">traveler</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="merely">merely</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="charitable">charitable</span> <span word="impulse">impulse</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="thesettlers">thesettlers</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="reflected">reflected</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="harshness">harshness</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="daily">daily</span> <span word="life">life</span>: <span word="if">if</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="didn">didn</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="thestranger">thestranger</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="care">care</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="him">him</span>, <span word="there">there</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="else">else</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="would">would</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="someday">someday</span>,<span word="remember">remember</span>, <span word="you">you</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="situation">situation</span>.　　<span word="Today">Today</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="charitable">charitable</span> <span word="organizations">organizations</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="specialize">specialize</span> <span word="inhelping">inhelping</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="weary">weary</span> <span word="traveler">traveler</span>. <span word="Yet">Yet</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="tradition">tradition</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="hospitality">hospitality</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="strangersis">strangersis</span> <span word="still">still</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="strong">strong</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="US">US</span>, <span word="especially">especially</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="smaller">smaller</span> <span word="cities">cities</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="towns">towns</span> <span word="awayfrom">awayfrom</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="busy">busy</span> <span word="tourist">tourist</span> <span word="trails">trails</span>. <span word="I">I</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="traveling">traveling</span> <span word="through">through</span>, <span word="got">got</span> <span word="talking">talking</span> <span word="withthis">withthis</span> <span word="American">American</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="pretty">pretty</span> <span word="soon">soon</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="invited">invited</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="dinner">dinner</span>-<span word="amazing">amazing</span>. <span word="Suchobservations">Suchobservations</span> <span word="reported">reported</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="visitors">visitors</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="US">US</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="uncommon">uncommon</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="notalways">notalways</span> <span word="understood">understood</span> <span word="properly">properly</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="casual">casual</span> <span word="friendliness">friendliness</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="Americans">Americans</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="beinterpreted">beinterpreted</span> <span word="neither">neither</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="superficial">superficial</span> <span word="nor">nor</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="artificial">artificial</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ahistorically">ahistorically</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="cultural">cultural</span> <span word="tradition">tradition</span>.　　<span word="As">As</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="true">true</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="society">society</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="complex">complex</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="ofcultural">ofcultural</span> <span word="signals">signals</span>, <span word="assumptions">assumptions</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="conventions">conventions</span> <span word="underlies">underlies</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="socialinterrelationships">socialinterrelationships</span>. <span word="And">And</span>, <span word="of">of</span> <span word="course">course</span>, <span word="speaking">speaking</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="necessarilymean">necessarilymean</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="someone">someone</span> <span word="understands">understands</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="cultural">cultural</span> <span word="patterns">patterns</span>. <span word="Visitors">Visitors</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="failto">failto</span> <span word="translate">translate</span> <span word="cultural">cultural</span> <span word="meanings">meanings</span> <span word="properly">properly</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="draw">draw</span> <span word="wrong">wrong</span> <span word="conclusions">conclusions</span>. <span word="Forexample">Forexample</span>, <span word="when">when</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="uses">uses</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="word">word</span> <span word="friend">friend</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cultural">cultural</span> <span word="implications">implications</span> <span word="ofthe">ofthe</span> <span word="word">word</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="quite">quite</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="visitor">visitor</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="andculture">andculture</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="takes">takes</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="brief">brief</span> <span word="encounter">encounter</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bus">bus</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="distinguish">distinguish</span> <span word="betweencourteous">betweencourteous</span> <span word="convention">convention</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="individual">individual</span> <span word="interest">interest</span>. <span word="Yet">Yet</span>, <span word="being">being</span> <span word="friendly">friendly</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="virtuethat">virtuethat</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="Americans">Americans</span> <span word="value">value</span> <span word="highly">highly</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="expect">expect</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="neighbors">neighbors</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="strangers">strangers</span>.　　55. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="eyes">eyes</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="visitors">visitors</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="outside">outside</span> <span word="world">world</span>, ________.　　（<span word="A">A</span>）<span word="rude">rude</span> <span word="taxi">taxi</span> <span word="drivers">drivers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="rarely">rarely</span> <span word="seen">seen</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="US">US</span>　　（<span word="B">B</span>）<span word="small">small</span>-<span word="minded">minded</span> <span word="officials">officials</span> <span word="deserve">deserve</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="serious">serious</span> <span word="comment">comment</span>　　（<span word="C">C</span>）<span word="Canadians">Canadians</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="friendly">friendly</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="neighbors">neighbors</span>　　（<span word="D">D</span>）<span word="most">most</span> <span word="Americans">Americans</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="ready">ready</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="offer">offer</span> <span word="help">help</span>　　56. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="inferred">inferred</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="paragraph">paragraph</span> <span word="that">that</span> ________.　　（<span word="A">A</span>）<span word="culture">culture</span> <span word="exercises">exercises</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="influence">influence</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="interrelationship">interrelationship</span>　　（<span word="B">B</span>）<span word="courteous">courteous</span> <span word="convention">convention</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="individual">individual</span> <span word="interest">interest</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="interrelated">interrelated</span>　　（<span word="C">C</span>）<span word="various">various</span> <span word="virtues">virtues</span> <span word="manifest">manifest</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span> <span word="exclusively">exclusively</span> <span word="among">among</span> <span word="friends">friends</span>　　（<span word="D">D</span>）<span word="social">social</span> <span word="interrelationships">interrelationships</span> <span word="equal">equal</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="complex">complex</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="culturalconventions">culturalconventions</span>　　57. <span word="Families">Families</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="frontier">frontier</span> <span word="settlements">settlements</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="entertain">entertain</span> <span word="strangers">strangers</span>________.　　（<span word="A">A</span>）<span word="to">to</span> <span word="improve">improve</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="hard">hard</span> <span word="life">life</span>　　（<span word="B">B</span>）<span word="in">in</span> <span word="view">view</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="long">long</span>-<span word="distance">distance</span> <span word="travel">travel</span>　　（<span word="C">C</span>）<span word="to">to</span> <span word="add">add</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="flavor">flavor</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="daily">daily</span> <span word="life">life</span>　　（<span word="D">D</span>）<span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="charitable">charitable</span> <span word="impulse">impulse</span>　　58. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="tradition">tradition</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="hospitality">hospitality</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="strangers">strangers</span> ________.　　（<span word="A">A</span>）<span word="tends">tends</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="superficial">superficial</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="artificial">artificial</span>　　（<span word="B">B</span>）<span word="is">is</span> <span word="generally">generally</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="kept">kept</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="United">United</span> <span word="States">States</span>　　（<span word="C">C</span>）<span word="is">is</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="understood">understood</span> <span word="properly">properly</span>　　（<span word="D">D</span>）<span word="has">has</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="busy">busy</span> <span word="tourist">tourist</span> <span word="trails">trails</span>　　答案及试题解析　　55.（<span word="D">D</span>）意为：大部分美国人乐于助人。　　文章第一句指出，去过美国的人所带回的印象总是（<span word="consistently">consistently</span>）：大多数美国人表现为友好、礼貌、乐于助人。本文从历史及文化的角度探讨了产生这一现象的原因。　　<span word="A">A</span> 意为：粗鲁的出租车司机在美国罕见。　　<span word="B">B</span> 意为：心胸狭窄的官员值得严肃的一提（或：应受严肃的批评）。　　<span word="C">C</span> 意为：加拿大人不如其邻国（当主要指美国）人民友好。　　注意：（<span word="A">A</span>）、（<span word="B">B</span>）、（<span word="C">C</span>）表达的观点都不是第一段中所提到的访美者的观点，第一段的第二、三、四句表达的是本文作者的观点。在作者看来，公平地讲，许多到过加拿大的人对加拿大人也有同感，因此可以说：这是一种北美现象-北美人大都友好、礼貌、乐于助人。同时，在他看来，这种情况也有例外：心胸狭隘的官员、粗鲁的侍者、无礼的出租车司机也不乏其人，但总的来看这并不构成主流。　　56.（<span word="A">A</span>）意为：文化影响社会关系。　　最后一段的第一句是全段的主题，该句可译为：像其他发达国家一样，在美国，人际关系的背后是一系列复杂的文化符号、信念和习俗。换言之，美国的文化决定了美国人的行为。　　<span word="B">B</span> 意为：礼貌的习惯与个人兴趣互相影响。最后一段第五句可译为：仅靠在公共汽车上瞬时相遇来区别礼貌是出自于文化习惯还是个人的兴趣是不够的。根据本段的主旨和全文的主旨，这句话应该理解为：判断一个人表现出的礼貌行为究竟仅产生于其个人素质还是产生于文化的熏陶，仅看其个别的、偶然的行为是不行的。换言之，如果他随时随地表现为礼让，或者，如果生活在某一区域或国家的人都表现为礼让，那末，你才能判定礼貌行为不是一种个人现象，而是一种社会文化现象。　　<span word="C">C</span> 意为：各种美德仅表现在朋友关系中。这一点文章最后一段没提到。最后一段所举的朋友一词的例子旨在说明：在不同文化中，相同的概念未必有同一内涵或外延。　　<span word="D">D</span> 意为：社会关系等于一系列复杂的文化习俗。根据该段第一句，二者是决定与被决定关系，并非等同关系。见上文分析。　　57.（<span word="C">C</span>）意为；为自己的日常生活增添情趣。　　第二段指出，在美国历史的很长一段时期（即所谓拓荒时代），对许多地区来说，一个旅行者的到来是很受欢迎的，因为它可以对平时单调的生活起一个调节（<span word="break">break</span>）作用。离群索居的家庭共同的问题是日常生活的单调与寂寞，陌生人或旅行者的到来可以使他们暂时摆脱这种生活状况，另外。他们也可以因此获得外界信息。　　<span word="A">A</span> 意为：改善艰苦的生活。根据上文分析可见，陌生人受欢迎的原因主要是因为他们所带来的精神效应，而非物质生活效应。第三段提到，拓荒地区（<span word="frontier">frontier</span>）的残酷现实也是形成美国人礼貌传统的原因。一个孤独的旅游者有问题自然求助于路边最近的居住点，这对旅游者来说不是一个选择问题（即：他别无选择），对就近的定居者来说，提供必要的帮助也不仅仅是出于怜悯（<span word="charitable">charitable</span> <span word="impulse">impulse</span>）。这反映的是日常生活的严酷现实：如果定居者不接收并帮助他，就没有别人了，另外，有一天定居者本人也可能处于同一境地。　　<span word="B">B</span> 意为：考虑到他们所做的长途跋涉。　　<span word="D">D</span> 意为：出于怜悯。见上文分析。　　58.（<span word="B">B</span>）意为：在美国得以广泛的保持。　　第二、三段探索了形成美国人友善好客传统的原因之后，第四段指出，虽然现在有许多专门的机构帮助旅行者，但是，友善好客的旧传统在美国仍根探蒂固，这突出表现在远离旅游热线的一些小城市中。本段最后一句指出，许多美国人随意表现出的友善不应该被看作是表面或虚假的应酬，而应该看作是一种历史文化现象。另外，文章最后一段指出，友善好客是倍受美国人珍视的美德，他们同样希望邻国人和其他外国人也表现出这一美德。　　<span word="A">A</span> 意为：经常是表面上的、虚假的。见上文分析。　　<span word="C">C</span> 意为：总是能被正确理解。相反，第四段指出，许多外国人对美国人的一些友好表示感到不可思议（<span word="amazing">amazing</span>），这反映了他们对美国历史文化传统的不理解。参阅第四段第三、四、五句。　　<span word="D">D</span> 意为：与一些旅游热线有关。不对，见上文分析。　　翻译句子　　1、<span word="Strangers">Strangers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="travelers">travelers</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="welcome">welcome</span> <span word="sources">sources</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="diversion">diversion</span>, <span word="andbrought">andbrought</span> <span word="news">news</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="outside">outside</span> <span word="world">world</span>.　　[参考译文] 陌生人和旅游者是受欢迎的消遣的来源，他们带来外部世界的资讯。　　[结构剖析] 句子的主干结构是 <span word="Strangers">Strangers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="travelers">travelers</span> <span word="wereand">wereand</span> <span word="brought">brought</span>。　　[阅读重点] 注意 <span word="diversion">diversion</span> 在这里的含义是解闷，取乐的事情，消遣，娱乐，而不是转移，转向的意思。　　2、<span word="The">The</span> <span word="casual">casual</span> <span word="friendliness">friendliness</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="Americans">Americans</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="interpretedneither">interpretedneither</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="superficial">superficial</span> <span word="nor">nor</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="artificial">artificial</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="historicallydeveloped">historicallydeveloped</span> <span word="cultural">cultural</span> <span word="tradition">tradition</span>.　　[参考译文] 许多美国人的这种随意的友好态度不应该被看成是肤浅的或虚假的，而应该被作为一种历史上发展而来的文化传统的结果来解释。　　[结构剖析] 这个句子的主干结构是 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="casual">casual</span> <span word="friendliness">friendliness</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="interpreted">interpreted</span> <span word="neither">neither</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="A">A</span> <span word="nor">nor</span> <span word="Bbut">Bbut</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="C">C</span>，使用了被动语态。其中<span word="neithernor">neithernor</span>结构后用的是同样词性的成分：形容词 <span word="superficial">superficial</span> 和 <span word="artificial">artificial</span>。　　[阅读重点] 注意 <span word="neithernorbut">neithernorbut</span> 结构的使用：既不是也不是而是，重点在<span word="but">but</span>之后。<span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span>/<span word="a">a</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span>：作为的结果，由于而。　　3、<span word="As">As</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="true">true</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="society">society</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="complex">complex</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="ofcultural">ofcultural</span> <span word="signals">signals</span>, <span word="assumptions">assumptions</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="conventions">conventions</span> <span word="underlies">underlies</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="socialinterrelationships">socialinterrelationships</span>.　　[参考译文] 就如同在任何一个发达社会里一样，在美国，所有社会相互关系下面都隐含着一系列复杂的文化信号、假设和传统观念。　　[结构剖析] 句子的主干结构是 <span word="cultural">cultural</span> <span word="signals">signals</span>, <span word="assumptions">assumptions</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="conventions">conventions</span> <span word="underliesinterrelationships">underliesinterrelationships</span>。　　[阅读重点] 注意 <span word="as">as</span> 在这里是一个代词，表示这一情况，这一事实。可以参考以下的例句来理解 <span word="as">as</span> 的用法：<span word="The">The</span> <span word="night">night</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="turned">turned</span> <span word="cold">cold</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="usual">usual</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="here">here</span>. 夜晚变得很冷，在这一带经常如此。　　补充难句翻译　　1、<span word="There">There</span> <span word="are">are</span>, <span word="of">of</span> <span word="course">course</span>, <span word="exceptions">exceptions</span>. <span word="Small">Small</span>-<span word="minded">minded</span> <span word="officials">officials</span>, <span word="rudewaiters">rudewaiters</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="ill">ill</span>-<span word="mannered">mannered</span> <span word="taxi">taxi</span> <span word="drivers">drivers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="hardly">hardly</span> <span word="unknown">unknown</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="US">US</span>. <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="isan">isan</span> <span word="observation">observation</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="frequently">frequently</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="deserves">deserves</span> <span word="comment">comment</span>.　　[参考译文] 当然，例外是存在的。在美国，心胸狭窄的官员，粗鲁的侍者，和没有礼貌的出租车司机也并不少见。然而人们常常得出这样的观察意见，这使得它值得被讨论一下。　　[结构剖析] 第一个句子使用了 <span word="there">there</span> <span word="be">be</span> 句型，其中 <span word="of">of</span> <span word="course">course</span> 是插入语。第二句是主语+系动词+表语结构。第三句话中使用了 <span word="so">so</span> <span word="that">that</span> 结构：其中 <span word="made">made</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="frequently">frequently</span> 是过去分词作定语，修饰前面的 <span word="observation">observation</span>。　　[阅读重点] 第一句中的 <span word="ofcourse">ofcourse</span> 作插入语，用逗号与句子的其它部分分开，在开始阅读的时候可以不看。注意第二句话中使用了双重否定表示肯定：<span word="hardly">hardly</span> <span word="unknown">unknown</span> 等于<span word="pretty">pretty</span> <span word="well">well</span>-<span word="known">known</span>。另外注意 <span word="sothat">sothat</span> 结构的用法：太以至于。另外 <span word="observation">observation</span> 这里的意思是因观察而得出的意见。另外 <span word="it">it</span> <span word="deserves">deserves</span> <span word="comment">comment</span> 中的 <span word="it">it</span> 指代前面的 <span word="observation">observation</span>。　　2、<span word="Someone">Someone</span> <span word="traveling">traveling</span> <span word="alone">alone</span>, <span word="if">if</span> <span word="hungry">hungry</span>, <span word="injured">injured</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="ill">ill</span>, <span word="often">often</span> <span word="hadnowhere">hadnowhere</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="exce">exce</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="nearest">nearest</span> <span word="cabin">cabin</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="settlement">settlement</span>.　　[参考译文] 一个人独自旅行的时候，如果饿了，受伤了或生病了，除了最近的小屋或者村落就无处可以投靠了。　　[结构剖析] 这是一个简单句。<span word="traveling">traveling</span> <span word="alone">alone</span> 是现在分词作定语修饰前面的 <span word="someone">someone</span>, <span word="if">if</span> <span word="hungry">hungry</span>, <span word="injured">injured</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="ill">ill</span> 实际上是简略的 <span word="if">if</span> 引导的状语从句，相当于<span word="if">if</span> <span word="hungry">hungry</span>, <span word="injured">injured</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="ill">ill</span>，这里作插入成分。另外 <span word="havesth">havesth</span>.+动词不定式这一结构中的动词不定式通常是相当于定语部分，修饰前面的 <span word="sth">sth</span>.，这里就是：没有可以投靠（<span word="to">to</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="to">to</span>/动词不定式）的地方（<span word="nowhere">nowhere</span>/<span word="sth">sth</span>.）。　　[阅读重点] 注意 <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="to">to</span> 这里的引申含义是投靠、求助于、求教于的意思。　　3、<span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="matter">matter</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="choice">choice</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="traveler">traveler</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="merely">merely</span> <span word="acharitable">acharitable</span> <span word="impulse">impulse</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="settlers">settlers</span>.　　[参考译文] 对于旅行者来说，这不是一个可以有多个选择的问题，对于村落里的定居者来说，这也不仅仅是一个发善心的冲动行为。　　[结构剖析] 句子的主干 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="matter">matter</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="choiceor">choiceor</span> <span word="merely">merely</span> <span word="acharitable">acharitable</span> <span word="impulse">impulse</span>是主语+系动词+表语结构。表语由并列的两部分组成，由 <span word="or">or</span> 来连接。　　[阅读重点] <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> 相当于前面的 <span word="for">for</span>，意思是在方面、对而言。　　语言点详解　　1. <span word="courteous">courteous</span> 有礼貌的　　[大纲词汇]<span word="courtesy">courtesy</span> <span word="n">n</span>.谦恭有礼，有礼貌的举止（或言词）　　[衍生词汇]<span word="courteous">courteous</span> <span word="a">a</span>.谦恭有礼的，殷勤的　　[经典例句] <span word="Hisboss">Hisboss</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="genuinely">genuinely</span> <span word="courteous">courteous</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="subordinates">subordinates</span>.　　2. <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="fair">fair</span> 公平地说　　[经典例句] <span word="To">To</span> <span word="befair">befair</span>，<span word="his">his</span> <span word="success">success</span> <span word="owes">owes</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="wife">wife</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="help">help</span>.　　3. <span word="exception">exception</span> 特例　　[大纲词汇]<span word="exception">exception</span> <span word="n">n</span>.例外，除外 <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="exception">exception</span> <span word="of">of</span> 除之外　　[经典例句] <span word="Hisbrothers">Hisbrothers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="tall">tall</span>，<span word="but">but</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="exception">exception</span>.　　4. <span word="small">small</span>-<span word="minded">minded</span> 心胸狭窄的　　[扩充词汇]<span word="small">small</span>-<span word="minded">minded</span> <span word="a">a</span>.心胸狭隘的，眼界小的；固执己见的　　[联想记忆]<span word="far">far</span>-<span word="sighted">sighted</span> <span word="a">a</span>.有远见的 <span word="clear">clear</span>-<span word="headed">headed</span> <span word="a">a</span>.头脑清楚的　　5. <span word="ill">ill</span>-<span word="mannered">mannered</span> 无礼的　　[扩充词汇]<span word="ill">ill</span>-<span word="mannered">mannered</span> <span word="a">a</span>.无礼的，举止粗鲁的　　6. <span word="be">be</span> <span word="hardly">hardly</span> <span word="known">known</span> 几乎无人知道　　[经典例句] <span word="Thetruth">Thetruth</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="incident">incident</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="hardly">hardly</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="anyone">anyone</span>.　　7. <span word="break">break</span> 中止　　[大纲词汇] <span word="breakn">breakn</span>.打断，中止；中间休息　　[经典例句] <span word="We">We</span> <span word="havea">havea</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="break">break</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="days">days</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="semester">semester</span>.　　8. <span word="otherwise">otherwise</span> 不然　　[大纲词汇]<span word="otherwise">otherwise</span> <span word="ad">ad</span>.另样地，用别的方法；在其他方面；<span word="conj">conj</span>.要不然，否则　　[经典例句] <span word="Hereminded">Hereminded</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="otherwise">otherwise</span> <span word="forgotten">forgotten</span>.　　9. <span word="existence">existence</span> 生活　　[大纲词汇]<span word="existence">existence</span> <span word="n">n</span>.存在，实在；生存，生活（方式）　　[经典例句] <span word="Theyare">Theyare</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="existence">existence</span>.　　10. <span word="live">live</span> <span word="distant">distant</span> <span word="from">from</span> 住得离很远　　[经典例句] <span word="Helives">Helives</span> <span word="distant">distant</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="relatives">relatives</span>.　　11. <span word="diversion">diversion</span> 消遣　　[大纲词汇] <span word="diversionn">diversionn</span>.转向，转移　　[扩充词义]<span word="diversion">diversion</span> <span word="n">n</span>.消遣，娱乐　　[经典例句] <span word="Bigcities">Bigcities</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="diversions">diversions</span>.　　12. <span word="harsh">harsh</span> 严酷的　　[扩充词汇] <span word="harsha">harsha</span>.粗糙的，难听的，严厉的，严酷的 <span word="harshness">harshness</span> <span word="n">n</span>.粗糙，严酷，严厉　　[经典例句] <span word="Theiradaptiveness">Theiradaptiveness</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="coping">coping</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="harsh">harsh</span> <span word="conditions">conditions</span>.　　13. <span word="the">the</span> <span word="frontier">frontier</span>（美国）靠近未开发地区的已开发地区　　[大纲词汇]<span word="frontier">frontier</span> <span word="n">n</span>.国境，边境；尖端，新领域　　14. <span word="hospitality">hospitality</span> 好客　　[大纲词汇]<span word="hospitality">hospitality</span> <span word="n">n</span>.好客，殷勤，款待　　[衍生词汇]<span word="hospitable">hospitable</span> <span word="a">a</span>.好客的，殷勤的　　[经典例句] <span word="We">We</span> <span word="weredeeply">weredeeply</span> <span word="moved">moved</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hospitality">hospitality</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="farmers">farmers</span>.　　15. <span word="settlement">settlement</span> 定居点　　[大纲词汇]<span word="settlement">settlement</span> <span word="n">n</span>.解决，决定，调停；居留区，住宅区　　[经典例句]<span word="Israelis">Israelis</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Palestinians">Palestinians</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="serious">serious</span> <span word="disputes">disputes</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="Israeli">Israeli</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="settlements">settlements</span>.　　16. <span word="injured">injured</span> 受伤的　　[大纲词汇] <span word="injurev">injurev</span>.损害，伤害，损伤　　[衍生词汇] <span word="injureda">injureda</span>.受损害的，受伤的　　[经典例句] <span word="Hefound">Hefound</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="injured">injured</span> <span word="finger">finger</span> <span word="caused">caused</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="trouble">trouble</span>.　　17. <span word="charitable">charitable</span> 乐善好施的　　[大纲词汇] <span word="charityn">charityn</span>.慈善（团体），仁慈，施舍　　[衍生词汇]<span word="charitable">charitable</span> <span word="a">a</span>.慈悲的，仁爱的，慷慨施舍的　　[经典例句] <span word="Healways">Healways</span> <span word="takes">takes</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="charitable">charitable</span> <span word="activities">activities</span>.　　18. <span word="impulse">impulse</span> 冲动　　[大纲词汇] <span word="impulsev">impulsev</span>.推动； <span word="n">n</span>.推动；冲动，刺激　　[经典例句] <span word="Shetried">Shetried</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="repress">repress</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="impulse">impulse</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="dial">dial</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="number">number</span>.　　19. <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> 就而言；在一边　　[经典例句] <span word="Heexpressed">Heexpressed</span> <span word="appreciation">appreciation</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="classmates">classmates</span>.　　20. <span word="take">take</span> <span word="in">in</span> 收留　　[大纲词汇] <span word="take">take</span> <span word="in">in</span>接受，吸收；了解，理解；欺骗　　[经典例句] <span word="Andytook">Andytook</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="stray">stray</span> <span word="dog">dog</span>.　　21. <span word="take">take</span> <span word="care">care</span> <span word="of">of</span> 照料　　[大纲词汇] <span word="takecare">takecare</span> <span word="of">of</span> 照料，照顾；承担，处理，负责　　[经典例句] <span word="He">He</span> <span word="askedhis">askedhis</span> <span word="girl">girl</span> <span word="friend">friend</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="care">care</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="dog">dog</span> <span word="while">while</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="away">away</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="business">business</span>.　　22. <span word="specialize">specialize</span> <span word="in">in</span> 专门从事　　[经典例句] <span word="Thecompany">Thecompany</span> <span word="specialize">specialize</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="car">car</span> <span word="manufacture">manufacture</span>.　　23. <span word="weary">weary</span> 疲倦的　　[大纲词汇] <span word="wearya">wearya</span>.疲倦的；令人厌烦的；<span word="v">v</span>.使疲倦，使厌倦　　[经典例句] <span word="Thepilot">Thepilot</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="extremely">extremely</span> <span word="weary">weary</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="flying">flying</span>.　　24. <span word="travel">travel</span> <span word="through">through</span> 经过　　[经典例句] <span word="I">I</span> <span word="wastravelling">wastravelling</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="saw">saw</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="accident">accident</span>.　　25. <span word="amazing">amazing</span> 令人惊讶的　　[大纲词汇] <span word="amazev">amazev</span>.使惊奇，使惊愕，使惊叹 <span word="amazing">amazing</span> <span word="a">a</span>.令人惊讶的　　[经典例句] <span word="Theacrobatic">Theacrobatic</span> <span word="show">show</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="amazing">amazing</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="us">us</span>.　　26. <span word="superficial">superficial</span> 表面的　　[大纲词汇]<span word="superficial">superficial</span> <span word="a">a</span>.表面的，肤浅的，浅薄的　　[经典例句] <span word="We">We</span> <span word="werenot">werenot</span> <span word="satisfied">satisfied</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="superficial">superficial</span> <span word="explanation">explanation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="incident">incident</span>.　　27. <span word="artificial">artificial</span> 矫揉造作的　　[大纲词汇]<span word="artificial">artificial</span> <span word="a">a</span>.人工的，人造的；认为的，矫揉造作的　　[经典例句] <span word="She">She</span> <span word="waswearing">waswearing</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="artificial">artificial</span> <span word="smile">smile</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="appearing">appearing</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="door">door</span>.　　28. <span word="the">the</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span> 的结果　　[大纲词汇] <span word="resultn">resultn</span>.结果，成果，成绩<span word="v">v</span>.（<span word="in">in</span>）导致，结果是；（<span word="from">from</span>）起因于，因而造成 <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="result">result</span> 结果，因此 <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span> 由于的结果　　[经典例句] <span word="Weregard">Weregard</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="failure">failure</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="carelessness">carelessness</span>.　　29. <span word="a">a</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="of">of</span> 一套　　[经典例句] <span word="Weexpect">Weexpect</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="rules">rules</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="regulations">regulations</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="drawn">drawn</span> <span word="up">up</span>.　　30. <span word="convention">convention</span> 习俗　　[大纲词汇]<span word="convention">convention</span> <span word="n">n</span>.大会，会议；惯例，常规，习俗；公约，协定　　[经典例句]<span word="Convention">Convention</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="permits">permits</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="wear">wear</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="colorful">colorful</span> <span word="clothing">clothing</span>.　　31. <span word="underlie">underlie</span> 潜存于之下　　[大纲词汇]<span word="underlying">underlying</span> <span word="a">a</span>.含蓄的，潜在的；在下面的　　[衍生词汇]<span word="underlie">underlie</span> <span word="v">v</span>.引起，潜存于之下　　[经典例句] <span word="Manyfacts">Manyfacts</span> <span word="underlay">underlay</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="decision">decision</span>.　　32. <span word="interrelationship">interrelationship</span> 互相之间的关系　　[构词方法] <span word="inter">inter</span>-前缀，表示互相，在之间　　[联想记忆]<span word="interact">interact</span> <span word="v">v</span>.互相作用 <span word="interdependent">interdependent</span> <span word="a">a</span>.互相依赖的　　33. <span word="draw">draw</span> <span word="conclusion">conclusion</span> 下结论　　[经典例句] <span word="He">He</span> <span word="drewthe">drewthe</span> <span word="final">final</span> <span word="conclusion">conclusion</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="careful">careful</span> <span word="analysis">analysis</span>.　　34. <span word="distinguish">distinguish</span> 分辨　　[大纲词汇]<span word="distinguish">distinguish</span> <span word="v">v</span>.（<span word="from">from</span>）区分，辨别；辨认出；使杰出　　[经典例句] <span word="It">It</span> <span word="isvery">isvery</span> <span word="hard">hard</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="distinguish">distinguish</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="colors">colors</span>.　　35. <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="up">up</span> 保持　　[大纲词汇] <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="up">up</span>保持，维持；继续进行，坚持　　[经典例句] <span word="Thelady">Thelady</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="genuine">genuine</span> <span word="warmth">warmth</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="people">people</span>.　　全文翻译　　去美国访问的人经常带回报告说，大多数美国人对他们友善、好客、乐于助人。公正的说，人们对加拿大人也有这样的评论，因而，应当认为这是北美普遍的现象。当然也有例外。在美国，心胸狭隘的官员，举止粗鲁的招待和毫无礼貌的出租车司机也并非罕见。尽管有不如意的地方，但因为人们常常得出美国人好客的观察意见，因而也就值得议论一番了。　　过去很长一段时间，在美国很多地方，旅行者的到来因暂时打破原本的单调生活而受人欢迎。无聊、孤独是居住相对遥远的家庭的普遍问题。陌生人和旅行者很受欢迎，他们带来了娱乐消遣，还带来了外面世界的消息。　　开拓者的严酷生活现实也促成了这一好客的传统。单独旅行时，如果挨饿、受伤或生病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。对旅行者来说，这不是一个选择的问题；而对当地居民来说，这也并非是行善的一时冲动。它反映了日常生活的严酷：如果你不收留他，那他便无处求助了。请记住，有一天你也可能处于相同的境遇。　　如今，有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲惫的旅行者。不过，热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行，尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇。我只是路过，和这个美国人聊了聊。很快，他就请我到他家吃饭-这真令人惊奇。来美国的旅客谈论此类事件很普遍，但并非总能得到正确理解。很多美国人不经意表现的友好不应被看做是表面或虚假的应酬，而应该看成是文化传统的历史发展结果。　　同任何发达国家一样，一系列复杂的文化特征，信念和习俗构成了美国所有社会交往的基础。当然，会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解该语言的社会和文化模式。不能正确诠释文化含义的旅行者往往得出错误的结论。例如，美国人所说的朋友一词，其文化含义可能与旅行者语言和文化中的朋友大相径庭。要想正确区分礼貌是出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣，单凭一次公共汽车上的偶遇是不够的。不过，友好是很多美国人推崇的美德，同时希望邻居和陌生人也能如此。</p>

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