考研英语真题阅读理解试题及解析(二)
<p> <span word="Being">Being</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="hasalways">hasalways</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="dangerous">dangerous</span>. <span word="There">There</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="about">about</span> 105 <span word="males">males</span> <span word="born">born</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="every">every</span> 100 <span word="females">females</span>,<span word="but">but</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="ratio">ratio</span> <span word="drops">drops</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="near">near</span> <span word="balance">balance</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="age">age</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="maturity">maturity</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="among">among</span>70-<span word="year">year</span>-<span word="olds">olds</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="twice">twice</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="men">men</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="universal">universal</span> <span word="ofmale">ofmale</span> <span word="mortality">mortality</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="changed">changed</span>. <span word="Now">Now</span>, <span word="boy">boy</span> <span word="babies">babies</span> <span word="survive">survive</span> <span word="almost">almost</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="girlsdo">girlsdo</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="that">that</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="time">time</span>, <span word="there">there</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="excess">excess</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="boys">boys</span> <span word="inthose">inthose</span> <span word="crucial">crucial</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="searching">searching</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="mate">mate</span>. <span word="More">More</span> <span word="important">important</span>, <span word="anotherchance">anotherchance</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="natural">natural</span> <span word="selection">selection</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="removed">removed</span>. <span word="Fifty">Fifty</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="chance">chance</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ababy">ababy</span> <span word="surviving">surviving</span> <span word="depended">depended</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="weight">weight</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="kilogram">kilogram</span> <span word="toolight">toolight</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="heavy">heavy</span> <span word="meant">meant</span> <span word="almost">almost</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="death">death</span>. <span word="Today">Today</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="almost">almost</span> <span word="nodifference">nodifference</span>. <span word="Since">Since</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="variation">variation</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="due">due</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="genes">genes</span>, <span word="one">one</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="agent">agent</span> <span word="ofevolution">ofevolution</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="gone">gone</span>。 <span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="commit">commit</span> <span word="evolutionary">evolutionary</span> <span word="suicide">suicide</span>: <span word="stay">stay</span> <span word="alive">alive</span>,<span word="but">but</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="fewer">fewer</span> <span word="children">children</span>. <span word="Few">Few</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="fertile">fertile</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span>. <span word="Except">Except</span> <span word="insome">insome</span> <span word="religious">religious</span> <span word="communities">communities</span>, <span word="very">very</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="have">have</span> 15 <span word="children">children</span>. <span word="Nowadays">Nowadays</span> <span word="thenumber">thenumber</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="births">births</span>, <span word="like">like</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="age">age</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="death">death</span>, <span word="has">has</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="average">average</span>. <span word="Most">Most</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="haveroughly">haveroughly</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="offspring">offspring</span>. <span word="Again">Again</span>, <span word="differences">differences</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="theopportunity">theopportunity</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="natural">natural</span> <span word="selection">selection</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="advantage">advantage</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="diminished">diminished</span>.<span word="India">India</span> <span word="shows">shows</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="happening">happening</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="offers">offers</span> <span word="wealth">wealth</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="greatcities">greatcities</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="poverty">poverty</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="remaining">remaining</span> <span word="tribal">tribal</span> <span word="peoples">peoples</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="grand">grand</span> <span word="mediocrity">mediocrity</span> <span word="oftoday">oftoday</span>―<span word="everyone">everyone</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="survival">survival</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="offspring">offspring</span> <span word="meansthat">meansthat</span> <span word="natural">natural</span> <span word="selection">selection</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="lost">lost</span> 80% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="upper">upper</span>-<span word="middle">middle</span>-<span word="class">class</span> <span word="Indiacompared">Indiacompared</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="tribes">tribes</span>。 <span word="For">For</span> <span word="us">us</span>, <span word="this">this</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="evolution">evolution</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="over">over</span>; <span word="the">the</span> <span word="biological">biological</span> <span word="Utopiahas">Utopiahas</span> <span word="arrived">arrived</span>. <span word="Strangely">Strangely</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="involved">involved</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="physical">physical</span> <span word="change">change</span>. <span word="No">No</span> <span word="otherspecies">otherspecies</span> <span word="fills">fills</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="places">places</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="nature">nature</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span> 100,000 <span word="yearseven">yearseven</span> <span word="thepast">thepast</span> 100 <span word="yearsour">yearsour</span> <span word="lives">lives</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="transformed">transformed</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="bodies">bodies</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="not">not</span>. <span word="We">We</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="notevolve">notevolve</span>, <span word="because">because</span> <span word="machines">machines</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="society">society</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="us">us</span>. <span word="Darwin">Darwin</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="phrase">phrase</span> <span word="todescribe">todescribe</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="ignorant">ignorant</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="evolution">evolution</span>: <span word="they">they</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="anorganic">anorganic</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="average">average</span> <span word="looks">looks</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="ship">ship</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="wholly">wholly</span> <span word="beyond">beyond</span> <span word="hiscomprehension">hiscomprehension</span>。 <span word="No">No</span> <span word="doubt">doubt</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="remember">remember</span> <span word="a">a</span> 20<span word="th">th</span> <span word="century">century</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="beyondcomprehension">beyondcomprehension</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="ugliness">ugliness</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="however">however</span> <span word="amazed">amazed</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="descendants">descendants</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="athow">athow</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Utopia">Utopia</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="were">were</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="us">us</span>。 15. <span word="What">What</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="danger">danger</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="thefirst">thefirst</span> <span word="paragraph">paragraph</span>? [<span word="A">A</span>]<span word="A">A</span> <span word="lack">lack</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="mates">mates</span>。 [<span word="B">B</span>]<span word="A">A</span> <span word="fierce">fierce</span> <span word="competition">competition</span>。 [<span word="C">C</span>]<span word="A">A</span> <span word="lower">lower</span> <span word="survival">survival</span> <span word="rate">rate</span>。 [<span word="D">D</span>]<span word="A">A</span> <span word="defective">defective</span> <span word="gene">gene</span>。 16. <span word="What">What</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="example">example</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="India">India</span> <span word="illustrate">illustrate</span>? [<span word="A">A</span>]<span word="Wealthy">Wealthy</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="tend">tend</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="fewer">fewer</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="poor">poor</span> <span word="people">people</span>。 [<span word="B">B</span>]<span word="Natural">Natural</span> <span word="selection">selection</span> <span word="hardly">hardly</span> <span word="works">works</span> <span word="among">among</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rich">rich</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="poor">poor</span>。 [<span word="C">C</span>]<span word="The">The</span> <span word="middle">middle</span> <span word="class">class</span> <span word="population">population</span> <span word="is">is</span> 80% <span word="smaller">smaller</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="thetribes">thetribes</span>。 [<span word="D">D</span>]<span word="India">India</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="countries">countries</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="birth">birth</span> <span word="rate">rate</span>。 17. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="author">author</span> <span word="argues">argues</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="bodies">bodies</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="stopped">stopped</span> <span word="evolving">evolving</span> <span word="because">because</span>____。 [<span word="A">A</span>]<span word="life">life</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="improved">improved</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="technological">technological</span> <span word="advance">advance</span> [<span word="B">B</span>]<span word="the">the</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="female">female</span> <span word="babies">babies</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="declining">declining</span> [<span word="C">C</span>]<span word="our">our</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="reached">reached</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="highest">highest</span> <span word="stage">stage</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="evolution">evolution</span> [<span word="D">D</span>]<span word="the">the</span> <span word="difference">difference</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="wealth">wealth</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="poverty">poverty</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="disappearing">disappearing</span> 18. <span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="title">title</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="passage">passage</span>? [<span word="A">A</span>]<span word="Sex">Sex</span> <span word="Ration">Ration</span> <span word="Changes">Changes</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Human">Human</span> <span word="Evolution">Evolution</span> [<span word="B">B</span>]<span word="Ways">Ways</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Continuing">Continuing</span> <span word="Man">Man</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="Evolution">Evolution</span> [<span word="C">C</span>]<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Evolutionary">Evolutionary</span> <span word="Future">Future</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Nature">Nature</span> 名师解析 15. <span word="What">What</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="danger">danger</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="firstparagraph">firstparagraph</span>? 根据第一段，做男人以前有什么危险? [<span word="A">A</span>]<span word="A">A</span> <span word="lack">lack</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="mates">mates</span>. 缺少配偶。 [<span word="B">B</span>]<span word="A">A</span> <span word="fierce">fierce</span> <span word="competition">competition</span>. 激烈竞争。 [<span word="C">C</span>]<span word="A">A</span> <span word="lower">lower</span> <span word="survival">survival</span> <span word="rate">rate</span>. 低存活率。 [<span word="D">D</span>]<span word="A">A</span> <span word="defective">defective</span> <span word="gene">gene</span>. 有缺陷的基因。 【答案】 <span word="C">C</span> 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 文中第一段提到做男人从来都充满危险，新生儿男女比例大约是105:100，但到了成年，这一比例基本持平，而在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍，但是男性死亡率高这种普遍情况正在改变，现在男婴存活率同女婴的基本一样高这说明男人的存活率相对是比较低的。 16. <span word="What">What</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="example">example</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="India">India</span> <span word="illustrate">illustrate</span>? 印度的例子证明了什么? [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="Wealthy">Wealthy</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="tend">tend</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="fewer">fewer</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="poor">poor</span> <span word="people">people</span>。 富人往往孩子比穷人少。 [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="Natural">Natural</span> <span word="selection">selection</span> <span word="hardly">hardly</span> <span word="works">works</span> <span word="among">among</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rich">rich</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="poor">poor</span>。 自然选择在穷人和富人之间几乎不起作用。 [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="The">The</span> <span word="middle">middle</span> <span word="class">class</span> <span word="population">population</span> <span word="is">is</span> 80% <span word="smaller">smaller</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="thetribes">thetribes</span>。 中产阶级的人口比部落人口少80%。 [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="India">India</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="countries">countries</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="birth">birth</span> <span word="rate">rate</span>。 印度是出生率很高的国家之一。 【答案】 <span word="B">B</span> 【考点】 推断题。 【分析】 使用事例来证明是常见的逻辑思维模式。既然有事例，我们就需要看到它的论点是什么。本文中提到，进化意义上的自杀还有一种方法：存活，但少生孩子。首先现在几乎没有人像过去那样多育。除了在一些宗教社区，几乎没有几名妇女会生15个孩子表明了当今出生的数量同死亡年龄一样变得平均化，我们大多数人的子女数量大致相当，再一次，人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了。其次，印度证明了这种情况。这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，而给其余的各部落居民造成了贫困。今天这种每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同的极其显著的平均化意味着与部落相比，自然选择在印度社会中、上层人群中，已经失去了80%的效力是为了证明人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了，换言之，自然选择在穷人和富人之间几乎不起作用。答案应该是[<span word="B">B</span>]选项。 17. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="author">author</span> <span word="argues">argues</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="bodies">bodies</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="stopped">stopped</span> <span word="evolvingbecause">evolvingbecause</span>____。 作者认为我们的身体已经停止进化，因为____。 [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="life">life</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="improved">improved</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="technological">technological</span> <span word="advance">advance</span> 技术进步改善了人的生活 [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="the">the</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="female">female</span> <span word="babies">babies</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="declining">declining</span> 女婴的数量一直在减少 [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="our">our</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="reached">reached</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="highest">highest</span> <span word="stage">stage</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="evolution">evolution</span> 我们人种已经到达进化最高阶段 [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="the">the</span> <span word="difference">difference</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="wealth">wealth</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="poverty">poverty</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="disappearing">disappearing</span> 贫富差距间的区别正在消失 【答案】 <span word="A">A</span> 【考点】 逻辑关系题。 【分析】 文中提到停止进化是在第三段第一句对我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束。第三段中指出，在过去的10万年甚至过去的100年中，我们的生活发生了变化，但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化。因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切，机器代表的就是技术，因此我们可以判定[<span word="A">A</span>]是正确答案。 18. <span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="title">title</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="passage">passage</span>? 以下哪一个最合适做本文标题? [<span word="A">A</span>]<span word="Sex">Sex</span> <span word="Ration">Ration</span> <span word="Changes">Changes</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Human">Human</span> <span word="Evolution">Evolution</span> 人类进化中的性别比例变化 [<span word="B">B</span>]<span word="Ways">Ways</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Continuing">Continuing</span> <span word="Man">Man</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="Evolution">Evolution</span> 继续人类进化的方式 [<span word="C">C</span>]<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Evolutionary">Evolutionary</span> <span word="Future">Future</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Nature">Nature</span> 自然进化的未来 [<span word="D">D</span>]<span word="Human">Human</span> <span word="Evolution">Evolution</span> <span word="Going">Going</span> <span word="Nowhere">Nowhere</span> 人类进化无路可走 【答案】 <span word="D">D</span> 【考点】 文章主旨题。 【分析】 文章中在第一段结尾提到由于大部分差异是由基因引起的，又一个进化的因素消失了。第二段中说再一次，人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了。第三段提到但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化，因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切。这些都表明作者认为进化机制已不再起作用，认为自然进化机制已不能再左右人口的出生率。在总结全文的第三段时，作者直截了当地指出，进化已经结束。因此可以认为人类的进化是无路可走的。另外三个选项都不全面或者不对题。 [<span word="D">D</span>]<span word="Human">Human</span> <span word="Evolution">Evolution</span> <span word="Going">Going</span> <span word="Nowhere">Nowhere</span> 难句解析： 1. <span word="There">There</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="about">about</span> 105 <span word="males">males</span> <span word="born">born</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="every">every</span> 100 <span word="females">females</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="thisratio">thisratio</span> <span word="drops">drops</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="near">near</span> <span word="balance">balance</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="age">age</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="maturity">maturity</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="among">among</span> 70-<span word="year">year</span>-<span word="oldsthere">oldsthere</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="twice">twice</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="men">men</span>。 【结构分析】本句由三个分句构成。第一个分句是<span word="There">There</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="about">about</span> 105 <span word="males">males</span> <span word="born">born</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="every">every</span> 100 <span word="females">females</span>，一个<span word="there">there</span> <span word="be">be</span>句型;第二个分句<span word="butthis">butthis</span> <span word="ratio">ratio</span> <span word="drops">drops</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="near">near</span> <span word="balance">balance</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="age">age</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="maturity">maturity</span>是一个简单句;第三个分句是一个<span word="therebe">therebe</span>结构。 2. <span word="Again">Again</span>, <span word="differences">differences</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="opportunity">opportunity</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="naturalselection">naturalselection</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="advantage">advantage</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="diminished">diminished</span>。 【结构分析】本句要注意的是有两个主语，分别是<span word="differences">differences</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="people">people</span>和<span word="the">the</span> <span word="opportunityfor">opportunityfor</span> <span word="natural">natural</span> <span word="selection">selection</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="advantage">advantage</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="it">it</span>。 3. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="grand">grand</span> <span word="mediocrity">mediocrity</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="todayeveryone">todayeveryone</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="thesame">thesame</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="survival">survival</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="offspringmeans">offspringmeans</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="naturalselection">naturalselection</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="lost">lost</span> 80% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="upper">upper</span>-<span word="middle">middle</span>-<span word="class">class</span> <span word="India">India</span> <span word="compared">compared</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="thetribes">thetribes</span>。 【结构分析】本句的主干是<span word="The">The</span> <span word="grand">grand</span> <span word="mediocrity">mediocrity</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="that">that</span>+宾语从句。其中<span word="compared">compared</span> <span word="tothe">tothe</span> <span word="tribes">tribes</span>是分词结构作状语。破折号中间<span word="everyone">everyone</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="survival">survival</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="offspring">offspring</span>是典型独立主格结构做插入语，其中<span word="survival">survival</span>和<span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="offspring">offspring</span>都是介词<span word="in">in</span>的宾语。 全文翻译： 做男人从来都充满危险，新生儿男女比例大约是105:100，但到了成年，这一比例基本持平，而在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍，但是男性死亡率高这种普遍情况正在改变，现在男婴存活率同女婴的基本一样高。这就意味着男孩到了寻找伴侣的关键年龄将首次出现男孩过剩。更重要的是，又一次自然选择的机会消失了。50年前，婴儿，尤其是男婴，存活的机会取决于体重，过轻一公斤或过重一公斤几乎意味着必死无疑。今日体重几乎没有什么区别。由于大部分差异是由基因引起的，又一个进化的因素消失了。 进化意义上的自杀还有一种方法：存活，但少生孩子。现在几乎没有人像过去那样多育。除了在一些宗教社区，几乎没有几名妇女会生15个孩子。当今出生的数量同死亡年龄一样变得平均化，我们大多数人的子女数量大致相当。再一次，人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了。印度证明了这种情况。这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，而给其余的各部落居民造成了贫困。今天这种每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同的极其显著的平均化意味着与部落相比，自然选择在印度社会中、上层中已经失去了80%的效力。 对我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束;生物学上的乌托邦已经形成。奇怪的是，这一过程几乎丝毫没有造成身体上的改变，而且没有其他物种充斥着自然中如此多的空间。但在过去的10万年甚至过去的100年中，我们的生活发生了变化，但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化。因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切。达尔文有一句话描述那些对进化一无所知的人，他们看有机的生命如同野人看船，好像看某种完全不能理解的东西。毫无疑问，我们将记住20世纪的生活方式，尽管对其丑陋之处不得其解，但是，不管我们的子孙后代对我们离乌托邦的理想境界还差多远，感到有多么惊讶，他们的样子会同我们差不了多少。 </p>
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