考研英语阅读理解仿真模拟试题（五）
<p> 三、了解常见的句际关系及语篇标识词 句际关系主要是考察空白处与前后句子之间的逻辑关系。句子与句子之间的关系可能是显性的，也可能是隐性的。显性的句际关系有明显的标志词出现，这会给考生理解文章的发展脉络带来很大方便。句际关系主要有以下几种： 1.顺接关系：后句是前句的延续或补充，标识词主要有<span word="then">then</span>, <span word="after">after</span> <span word="that">that</span>, <span word="furthermore">furthermore</span>, <span word="also">also</span>, <span word="when">when</span>等。 2.转折关系：前后两句意思相反，标识词通常有<span word="but">but</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="nevertheless">nevertheless</span>, <span word="though">though</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="fact">fact</span>等。 3.例证关系：即论据对于论点的论证关系。典型标识词是<span word="for">for</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="instance">instance</span>， <span word="takeas">takeas</span> <span word="anexample">anexample</span>等。 4.因果关系：前因后果，或前果后因。可能出现的标识词有<span word="for">for</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="result">result</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="consequence">consequence</span>, <span word="consequently">consequently</span>, <span word="therefore">therefore</span>,<span word="accordingly">accordingly</span>等。 5.对比、对照关系：对比关系说明前后内容的相同之处，可能出现<span word="similarly">similarly</span>, <span word="like">like</span>等标志词；对照关系则说明前后内容的不同之处，标识词通常有<span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="contrast">contrast</span>, <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="contrary">contrary</span>, <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="handon">handon</span> <span word="theother">theother</span> <span word="hand">hand</span>等。 四、理解文章中词汇的语义特征上文提到了从整体把握文章的命脉。另外，文章中的某些关键词也能为考生提供线索。在选择时，尽量往这些关键词上 靠 ，可以避免离题太远。 以下三类词的作用不容忽视： 名词表主题 <span word="When">When</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="comes">comes</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="slowing">slowing</span> <span word="economy">economy</span>, <span word="Ellen">Ellen</span> <span word="Spero">Spero</span> <span word="isn">isn</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="biting">biting</span> <span word="hernails">hernails</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="yet">yet</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="the">the</span> 47-<span word="year">year</span>-<span word="old">old</span> <span word="manicurist">manicurist</span> <span word="isn">isn</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="cutting">cutting</span>, <span word="filing">filing</span> <span word="orpolishing">orpolishing</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="nails">nails</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="d">d</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="to">to</span>, <span word="either">either</span>. <span word="Most">Most</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="clients">clients</span> <span word="spend">spend</span> ＄12 <span word="to">to</span> ＄50 <span word="weekly">weekly</span>,<span word="but">but</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="month">month</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="longtime">longtime</span> <span word="customers">customers</span> <span word="suddenly">suddenly</span> <span word="stopped">stopped</span> <span word="showing">showing</span> <span word="up">up</span>. <span word="Spero">Spero</span> <span word="blamesthe">blamesthe</span> <span word="softening">softening</span> <span word="economy">economy</span>. <span word="I">I</span> <span word="m">m</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="indicator">indicator</span> , <span word="she">she</span> <span word="says">says</span>. <span word="I">I</span> <span word="provide">provide</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="service">service</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="re">re</span> <span word="concernedabout">concernedabout</span> <span word="saving">saving</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="dollars">dollars</span>. <span word="So">So</span> <span word="Spero">Spero</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="downscaling">downscaling</span>, <span word="shopping">shopping</span> <span word="atmiddle">atmiddle</span>-<span word="brow">brow</span> <span word="Dillard">Dillard</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="department">department</span> <span word="store">store</span> <span word="near">near</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="suburban">suburban</span> <span word="Cleveland">Cleveland</span> <span word="home">home</span>,<span word="instead">instead</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Neiman">Neiman</span> <span word="Marcus">Marcus</span>. <span word="I">I</span> <span word="don">don</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="clients">clients</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="toabandon">toabandon</span> <span word="me">me</span>, <span word="too">too</span>, <span word="she">she</span> <span word="says">says</span>.文中的这些名词为考生提供了一条主线，即使没完全读懂，但通过这些名词考生也可以确定这是一篇与经济有关的文章，每句话都没离开这个主题。可以设想一下，如果把其中的任何一句删去，然后让考生选择后补上，在遵循以 经济 为线索的前提下都是很容易解决的。也就是说这些名词表明了这篇文章的主题。 动词表变化<span word="All">All</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="caused">caused</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="crisis">crisis</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="confidence">confidence</span>. <span word="Americans">Americans</span> <span word="stopped">stopped</span> <span word="takingprosperity">takingprosperity</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="granted">granted</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="believe">believe</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="businesswas">businesswas</span> <span word="failing">failing</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="incomes">incomes</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="therefore">therefore</span> <span word="shortly">shortly</span> <span word="begin">begin</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="fall">fall</span> <span word="aswell">aswell</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="mid">mid</span> 1980<span word="s">s</span> <span word="brought">brought</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="inquiry">inquiry</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="causes">causes</span> <span word="ofAmerica">ofAmerica</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="industrial">industrial</span> <span word="decline">decline</span>. <span word="Their">Their</span> <span word="sometimes">sometimes</span> <span word="sensational">sensational</span> <span word="findings">findings</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="filledwith">filledwith</span> <span word="warnings">warnings</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="growing">growing</span> <span word="competition">competition</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="overseas">overseas</span>.动词是各种变化最明显的体现，它可以表明文中所述情况的变化、作者态度的变化以及情感的变化等。本段文字中，先不看其它文字，只看这些关键的动词 <span word="caused">caused</span> 、 <span word="stopped">stopped</span> 、 <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="believe">believe</span> 、 <span word="begin">begin</span> <span word="tofall">tofall</span> 、 <span word="decline">decline</span> 就可以表明这是一种由好到坏或由坏到好的变化，再结合其他部分可以更加肯定这一点，因为文中所述正是关于美国经济引发的一场信任危机，以及这场危机给人们带来的情感及经济方面的变化。 形容词表态度<span word="Even">Even</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="Alan">Alan</span> <span word="Greenspan">Greenspan</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="admission">admission</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="red">red</span> <span word="hoteconomy">hoteconomy</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="cooling">cooling</span>, <span word="lots">lots</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="folks">folks</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="already">already</span> <span word="seen">seen</span> <span word="signs">signs</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="theslowdown">theslowdown</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span>. <span word="From">From</span> <span word="car">car</span> <span word="dealerships">dealerships</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Gap">Gap</span> <span word="outlets">outlets</span>, <span word="sales">sales</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="beenlagging">beenlagging</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="months">months</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="shoppers">shoppers</span> <span word="temper">temper</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="spending">spending</span>. <span word="For">For</span> <span word="retailers">retailers</span>, <span word="who">who</span> <span word="lastyear">lastyear</span> <span word="took">took</span> <span word="in">in</span> 24 <span word="percent">percent</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="revenue">revenue</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Christmas">Christmas</span>,<span word="the">the</span> <span word="cautious">cautious</span> <span word="approach">approach</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="coming">coming</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="crucial">crucial</span> <span word="time">time</span>. <span word="Already">Already</span>, <span word="experts">experts</span> <span word="say">say</span>,<span word="holiday">holiday</span> <span word="sales">sales</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="off">off</span> 7 <span word="percent">percent</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="pace">pace</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="don">don</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="sound">sound</span> <span word="anyalarms">anyalarms</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="yet">yet</span>. <span word="Consumers">Consumers</span> <span word="seem">seem</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="mildly">mildly</span> <span word="concerned">concerned</span>, <span word="not">not</span> <span word="panicked">panicked</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="manysay">manysay</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="remain">remain</span> <span word="optimistic">optimistic</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="economy">economy</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="long">long</span>-<span word="term">term</span> <span word="prospects">prospects</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="theydo">theydo</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="modest">modest</span> <span word="belt">belt</span> <span word="tightening">tightening</span>.在阅读理解<span word="Part">Part</span> <span word="A">A</span>部分经常会遇到表明作者态度的题，同样，在<span word="Part">Part</span> <span word="B">B</span>部分如果能明确把握作者的态度对解题也是很关键的，而形容词是最能体现作者态度的关键词。以此段为例，前半部分都是关于美国经济不景气的描述，如果只看到这些，一定会认为下文也应该是一些消极方面的描述。但其实本段的关键在后面，消费者的 <span word="only">only</span> <span word="mildly">mildly</span> <span word="concerned">concerned</span> 和 <span word="notpanicked">notpanicked</span> 以及最明显的一个形容词 <span word="optimistic">optimistic</span> 都与前面的情况形成鲜明的对比，表明了作者的态度。如果在此段后设题进行选择，考生就不得不考虑这些因素了。 五、掌握词汇和语法的衔接 词汇或语法衔接指篇章中通过语法手段或不同的词汇形式以达到语义上的衔接连贯，这种联系表现为以下几种： 重复1.原词的重复，又叫原词复现，指同一主题词或关键词的重复出现。2.同义或近义词的衔接，又叫同义复现，指同义词、近义词重复出现在语篇中，语篇中的句子通过这种关系达到了相互衔接。坐标词与下义词的衔接，上坐标词是指那些意义较概括的词，它们的词义包括了下义词的词义，如<span word="bird">bird</span>就是<span word="swallow">swallow</span>的上坐标词。上坐标词与下义词在语篇中相互衔接。 共现：又叫搭配性衔接，意指一系列相关的词项在篇章中的经常共现。搭配性衔接对语言信息的生成和解释均有一定的指导作用，有助于对篇章的潜在的语义演进做出预测和推测。 替代：语篇中的代词构成了替代衔接关系，一般而言，<span word="one">one</span>指代前面的单数可数名词；<span word="that">that</span>指代前面的不可数名词或句子；<span word="this">this</span>指代前面的单数名词或句子；<span word="it">it</span>指代前面的单数名词或整个句子；<span word="they">they</span>或<span word="them">them</span>指代前面的复数名词。</p>
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