考研英语阅读综合辅导之物理学类01
<p> 阅读综合辅导 [物理学] 题目序号 题型归类 第1题 中心主旨题型 第2题 段落（间）关系题型 第3题 审题定位与反推题型 第4题 归纳推导题型 第5题 审题定位与段落（间）关系题型 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="held">held</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="largely">largely</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="skepticism">skepticism</span> <span word="aboutadvertisers">aboutadvertisers</span> <span word="claims">claims</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="provide">provide</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="units">units</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="thermalenergy">thermalenergy</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="unit">unit</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="electrical">electrical</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="used">used</span>, <span word="thus">thus</span> <span word="apparently">apparently</span> <span word="contradictingthe">contradictingthe</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="conservation">conservation</span>. <span word="Heat">Heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span> <span word="circulate">circulate</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="fluid">fluid</span> <span word="refrigerant">refrigerant</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="cycles">cycles</span> <span word="alternativelyfrom">alternativelyfrom</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="liquid">liquid</span> <span word="phase">phase</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="vapor">vapor</span> <span word="phase">phase</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="closed">closed</span> <span word="loop">loop</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="refrigerant">refrigerant</span>,<span word="starting">starting</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="low">low</span>-<span word="temperature">temperature</span>, <span word="low">low</span>-<span word="pressure">pressure</span> <span word="vapor">vapor</span>, <span word="enters">enters</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="compressor">compressor</span> <span word="drivenby">drivenby</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="electric">electric</span> <span word="motor">motor</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="refrigerant">refrigerant</span> <span word="leaves">leaves</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="compressor">compressor</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="hot">hot</span>, <span word="densevapor">densevapor</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="flows">flows</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="exchanger">exchanger</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="condenser">condenser</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="transfersheat">transfersheat</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="refrigerant">refrigerant</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="body">body</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="air">air</span>. <span word="Now">Now</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="refrigerant">refrigerant</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="ahigh">ahigh</span>-<span word="pressure">pressure</span>, <span word="cooled">cooled</span> <span word="liquid">liquid</span>, <span word="confronts">confronts</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="flow">flow</span> <span word="restriction">restriction</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="causes">causes</span> <span word="thepressure">thepressure</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="drop">drop</span>. <span word="As">As</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pressure">pressure</span> <span word="falls">falls</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="refrigerant">refrigerant</span> <span word="expands">expands</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="partiallyvaporizes">partiallyvaporizes</span>, <span word="becoming">becoming</span> <span word="chilled">chilled</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="passes">passes</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="exchanger">exchanger</span>,<span word="the">the</span> <span word="evaporator">evaporator</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="transfers">transfers</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="air">air</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="refrigerant">refrigerant</span>, <span word="reducingthe">reducingthe</span> <span word="temperature">temperature</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="body">body</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="air">air</span>. <span word="Of">Of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="exchangers">exchangers</span>, <span word="one">one</span> <span word="islocated">islocated</span> <span word="inside">inside</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="outside">outside</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="house">house</span>, <span word="so">so</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="contact">contact</span> <span word="witha">witha</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="body">body</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="air">air</span>: <span word="room">room</span> <span word="air">air</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="outside">outside</span> <span word="air">air</span>, <span word="respectively">respectively</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="flow">flow</span> <span word="direction">direction</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="refrigerant">refrigerant</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pump">pump</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="controlledby">controlledby</span> <span word="valves">valves</span>. <span word="When">When</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="refrigerant">refrigerant</span> <span word="flow">flow</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="reversed">reversed</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="exchangers">exchangers</span> <span word="switchfunction">switchfunction</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="flow">flow</span>-<span word="reversal">reversal</span> <span word="capability">capability</span> <span word="allows">allows</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span> <span word="either">either</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="orcool">orcool</span> <span word="room">room</span> <span word="air">air</span>. <span word="Now">Now</span>, <span word="if">if</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="conditions">conditions</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pump">pump</span> <span word="puts">puts</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="thermalenergy">thermalenergy</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="consumes">consumes</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="electrical">electrical</span> <span word="energy">energy</span>, <span word="has">has</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="law">law</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="energyconservation">energyconservation</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="challenged">challenged</span>? <span word="No">No</span>, <span word="not">not</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="remotely">remotely</span>: <span word="the">the</span> <span word="additional">additional</span> <span word="input">input</span> <span word="ofthermal">ofthermal</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="circulating">circulating</span> <span word="refrigerant">refrigerant</span> <span word="via">via</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="evaporator">evaporator</span> <span word="accounts">accounts</span> <span word="forthe">forthe</span> <span word="difference">difference</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="equation">equation</span>. <span word="Unfortunately">Unfortunately</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="real">real</span> <span word="problem">problem</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="heating">heating</span> <span word="capacity">capacity</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="aheat">aheat</span> <span word="pump">pump</span> <span word="decreases">decreases</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="outdoor">outdoor</span> <span word="temperature">temperature</span> <span word="falls">falls</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="drop">drop</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="capacity">capacity</span> <span word="iscaused">iscaused</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lessening">lessening</span> <span word="amount">amount</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="refrigerant">refrigerant</span> <span word="mass">mass</span> <span word="moved">moved</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="compressorat">compressorat</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="time">time</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="heating">heating</span> <span word="capacity">capacity</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="proportional">proportional</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="mass">mass</span> <span word="flow">flow</span> <span word="rate">rate</span>: <span word="theless">theless</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mass">mass</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="refrigerant">refrigerant</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="compressed">compressed</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="thermal">thermal</span> <span word="load">load</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="cantransfer">cantransfer</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="heat">heat</span>-<span word="pump">pump</span> <span word="cycle">cycle</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="volume">volume</span> <span word="flow">flow</span> <span word="rate">rate</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="refrigerant">refrigerant</span> <span word="vaporthrough">vaporthrough</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="single">single</span>-<span word="speed">speed</span> <span word="rotary">rotary</span> <span word="compressor">compressor</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="approximatelyconstant">approximatelyconstant</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="cold">cold</span> <span word="refrigerant">refrigerant</span> <span word="vapor">vapor</span> <span word="entering">entering</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="compressor">compressor</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="lower">lower</span> <span word="pressurethan">pressurethan</span> <span word="warmer">warmer</span> <span word="vapor">vapor</span>. <span word="Therefore">Therefore</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mass">mass</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cold">cold</span> <span word="refrigerant">refrigerant</span><span word="and">and</span> <span word="thusthe">thusthe</span> <span word="thermal">thermal</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="carries">carries</span><span word="is">is</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="refrigerant">refrigerant</span> <span word="vapor">vapor</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="warmer">warmer</span> <span word="beforecompression">beforecompression</span>. <span word="Here">Here</span>, <span word="then">then</span>, <span word="lies">lies</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="genuine">genuine</span> <span word="drawback">drawback</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span>: <span word="in">in</span> <span word="extremely">extremely</span> <span word="coldclimates">coldclimates</span><span word="where">where</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="needed">needed</span><span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span> <span word="areleast">areleast</span> <span word="able">able</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="supply">supply</span> <span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="heat">heat</span>. 1.<span word="The">The</span> <span word="primary">primary</span> <span word="purpose">purpose</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="text">text</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="explain">explain</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="differences">differences</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pump">pump</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="outdoortemperature">outdoortemperature</span> <span word="changes">changes</span>. [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="contrast">contrast</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="heating">heating</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cooling">cooling</span> <span word="modes">modes</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span>. [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="describe">describe</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span>, <span word="their">their</span> <span word="use">use</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="factors">factors</span> <span word="affecting">affecting</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="use">use</span>. [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="advocate">advocate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="widespread">widespread</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span>. 2.<span word="The">The</span> <span word="author">author</span> <span word="resolves">resolves</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span> <span word="run">run</span> <span word="counter">counter</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="theprinciple">theprinciple</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="conservation">conservation</span> <span word="by">by</span> [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="carefully">carefully</span> <span word="qualifying">qualifying</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meaning">meaning</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="principle">principle</span>. [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="pointing">pointing</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="factual">factual</span> <span word="effort">effort</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="statement">statement</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="gives">gives</span> <span word="rise">rise</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="thisquestion">thisquestion</span>. [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="supplying">supplying</span> <span word="additional">additional</span> <span word="relevant">relevant</span> <span word="facts">facts</span>. [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="denying">denying</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="relevance">relevance</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span>. 3.<span word="It">It</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="inferred">inferred</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="text">text</span> <span word="that">that</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="course">course</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="heating">heating</span> <span word="season">season</span>, <span word="theheating">theheating</span> <span word="capacity">capacity</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pump">pump</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="greatest">greatest</span> <span word="when">when</span> [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="heating">heating</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="least">least</span> <span word="essential">essential</span>. [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="electricity">electricity</span> <span word="rates">rates</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="lowest">lowest</span>. [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="its">its</span> <span word="compressor">compressor</span> <span word="runs">runs</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fastest">fastest</span>. [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="outdoor">outdoor</span> <span word="temperatures">temperatures</span> <span word="hold">hold</span> <span word="steady">steady</span>. 4.<span word="If">If</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="authors">authors</span> <span word="assessment">assessment</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="correct">correct</span>, <span word="whichof">whichof</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="expresses">expresses</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lesson">lesson</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="advertisers">advertisers</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="fromthis">fromthis</span> <span word="case">case</span>? [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="exaggerated">exaggerated</span> <span word="claims">claims</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="products">products</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="trying">trying</span> <span word="topromote">topromote</span>. [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="Focus">Focus</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="advertising">advertising</span> <span word="campaign">campaign</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="vague">vague</span> <span word="analogies">analogies</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="veiled">veiled</span> <span word="implicationsinstead">implicationsinstead</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="facts">facts</span>. [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="facts">facts</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="advertising">advertising</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="strain">strain</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="prospectiveclients">prospectiveclients</span> <span word="ability">ability</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="believe">believe</span>. [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="assume">assume</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="advertising">advertising</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="prospective">prospective</span> <span word="clients">clients</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="eventhe">eventhe</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="elementary">elementary</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="principles">principles</span>. 5.<span word="The">The</span> <span word="text">text</span> <span word="suggests">suggests</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="widely">widely</span> <span word="if">if</span> [<span word="A">A</span>] <span word="they">they</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="air">air</span> <span word="conditioners">conditioners</span>. [<span word="B">B</span>] <span word="they">they</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="moved">moved</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="supply">supply</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="needed">needed</span>. [<span word="C">C</span>] <span word="their">their</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="output">output</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="thermostatically">thermostatically</span> <span word="controlled">controlled</span>. [<span word="D">D</span>] <span word="people">people</span> <span word="appreciated">appreciated</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="role">role</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="evaporator">evaporator</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="equation">equation</span>. [答案与考点解析] 1.【答案】<span word="C">C</span> 【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。本文的第二、三、四段描述了<span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span>的相关物理原理，第一、五、六段谈到了影响<span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span>应用的原因。由此可见本题的正确选项应该是<span word="C">C</span>。考生在解题时一定要对全文的整体结构有所认识，并将各段的主题句联系起来加以理解。 2.【答案】<span word="C">C</span> 【考点解析】这是一道段落间关系题。通过题干中的<span word="the">the</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span> <span word="run">run</span> <span word="counter">counter</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="ofenergy">ofenergy</span> <span word="conservation">conservation</span>可迅速确定本题的答案信息来源应该在第二段，因为第一段就是本题的题干。通过仔细阅读原文可发现本题的答案信息来源在第二、三、四段，在这三段中本文作者为解决相关问题给出了<span word="relevant">relevant</span> <span word="facts">facts</span>（相关事实）。可见本题的正确选项应该是<span word="C">C</span>。考生在解题时一定要注意段落之间的相互关系。 3.【答案】<span word="A">A</span> 【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与反推题。通过本题题干中的<span word="heating">heating</span> <span word="season">season</span>可迅速将本题的答案信息来源确定在尾段，因为尾段中的<span word="extremely">extremely</span> <span word="cold">cold</span> <span word="climates">climates</span>暗示出<span word="heating">heating</span> <span word="season">season</span>。通过仔细阅读和理解尾段并且进行相应的推导就可得出本题的正确选项<span word="A">A</span>。考生在解题时首先要具备审题定位的能力，另外在解题时不能仅仅停留于字面含义，要多动脑子进行合理的推导。 4.【答案】<span word="C">C</span> 【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。题干把本题所涉及的问题确定在第一段，而本文作者对于该问题的解释和说明确在第四段。通过对这两段的综合归纳推导，可得出本题的正确选项是<span word="C">C</span>。由于作者在第四段的深刻解释帮助解决了人们心中的疑惑，但是这两段的深层含义暗示我们：人们在做广告时要避免使用超出消费者可信度的信息。考生在解题时要注意段落之间的联系，更要注意作者所要传递的深层含义。 5.【答案】<span word="D">D</span> 【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与段落间关系题。通过题干中的<span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="widely">widely</span>可迅速确定本题的题干来自于首段，在首段中我们也可以得知阻碍<span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span>被大家广泛接受的原因是<span word="contradicting">contradicting</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="conservation">conservation</span>。在本文的第四段作者对第一段中所涉及的问题给出了合理的解释，指出<span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span>并没有<span word="contradicting">contradicting</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="conservation">conservation</span>。问题出在人们对于<span word="evaporator">evaporator</span>缺乏了解。综合这两段的内容我们可得知：如果人们对<span word="evaporator">evaporator</span>有所认识，他们对<span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span>就不会心存疑虑，同时他们就会接受<span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span>，从而<span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="pumps">pumps</span>就会得到广泛的利用。可见本题的正确选项应该中<span word="D">D</span>。考生在解题时一定要注意段落之间的联系，更要注意反推即逆向思维的应用。 [参考译文] 热泵使用受到阻碍，主要是人们怀疑广告上所宣称的，热泵能够提供两倍于其所消耗电能的热能，这显然与能量守恒定理相悖。 热泵循环使用的是液体制冷剂，这个循环使得制冷剂在一个封闭环路内从液体到气体交替变化。循环开始时，制冷剂以低温低压的蒸气，进入一个电机驱动的压缩机。出了压缩机后，制冷剂变为高温稠密的气体，流经一个被称为冷凝器的热交换器，这个冷凝器把制冷剂的热量传送到一个气团。制冷剂就变成了高压冷却的液态，然后经过一个节流器，节流器使其压力下降。压力下降时，制冷剂就会膨胀并且使部分液体气化，制冷剂变冷。然后经过第二个热交换器即蒸发器，蒸发器把热量从空气中传到制冷剂中，使得第二个气团温度降低。这两个热交换器，一个在室内工作，另外一个位于室外，所以每个热交换器接触各自不同的气团：室内空气和室外空气。 制冷剂在热泵内的流动方向受阀门控制。当制冷剂逆向流动时，两个交换器就交换它们的功能。这个逆向流动的能力使得热泵对室内空气加温或冷却。 现在，如果在某些条件下一个热泵输出的热能多于其消耗的电能，则能量守恒法则受到挑战了么？不，丝毫没有：通过蒸发器进入了制冷剂循环的额外热能，可以说明能量平衡上的差异。 不幸的是，这里有一个现实的问题。热泵的加热能力随着室外温度的下降而减少，其减少是由于在固定时间内流经压缩机的制冷剂数量上的减少而造成的。热容量和制冷剂质量流动速率成比例：被压缩的制冷剂越少，加载到热机循环中传输的热量越少。在使用单速旋转式压缩机的热泵中，制冷剂气体的体积流动速率近似一个常数。但进入压缩机的制冷剂气体，其冷却的气体压力比热气压力要小。因此，冷的制冷剂气体质量，也就是它携带的热能小于在压缩之前比较热的制冷剂气体的质量。 这样，那么热泵存在的真正障碍在于：在极端寒冷气候地区，那里最需要热量，热泵却最不能够提供充足的热量。</p>
页:
[1]