2012考研阅读资料经典美文18
<p> 18.<span word="Modern">Modern</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="Universities">Universities</span></p><p> <span word="Before">Before</span> <span word="the">the</span> 1850<span word="s">s</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="United">United</span> <span word="States">States</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="colleges">colleges</span>, <span word="most">most</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="dating">dating</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="colonial">colonial</span> <span word="days">days</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="small">small</span>, <span word="church">church</span> <span word="connected">connected</span> <span word="institutions">institutions</span> <span word="whose">whose</span> <span word="primary">primary</span> <span word="concern">concern</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="shape">shape</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="moral">moral</span> <span word="character">character</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="students">students</span>.</p><p> <span word="Throughout">Throughout</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span>, <span word="institutions">institutions</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="higher">higher</span> <span word="learning">learning</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="developed">developed</span>, <span word="bearing">bearing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ancient">ancient</span> <span word="name">name</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="university">university</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="German">German</span> <span word="university">university</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="concerned">concerned</span> <span word="primarily">primarily</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="creating">creating</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="spreading">spreading</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span>, <span word="not">not</span> <span word="morals">morals</span>. <span word="Between">Between</span> <span word="mid">mid</span>-<span word="century">century</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> 1800<span word="s">s</span>, <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="nine">nine</span> <span word="thousand">thousand</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="Americans">Americans</span>, <span word="dissatisfied">dissatisfied</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="training">training</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="home">home</span>, <span word="went">went</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Germany">Germany</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="advanced">advanced</span> <span word="study">study</span>. <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="return">return</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="presidents">presidents</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="venerable">venerable</span> <span word="colleges">colleges</span>-----<span word="Harvard">Harvard</span>, <span word="Yale">Yale</span>, <span word="Columbia">Columbia</span>---<span word="and">and</span> <span word="transform">transform</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="universities">universities</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="presidents">presidents</span> <span word="broke">broke</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="ties">ties</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="churches">churches</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="brought">brought</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="kind">kind</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="faculty">faculty</span>. <span word="Professors">Professors</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="hired">hired</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="subject">subject</span>, <span word="not">not</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="proper">proper</span> <span word="faith">faith</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="strong">strong</span> <span word="arm">arm</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="disciplining">disciplining</span> <span word="students">students</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="university">university</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="create">create</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="pass">pass</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="on">on</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="faculty">faculty</span> <span word="composed">composed</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span>-<span word="scholars">scholars</span>. <span word="Drilling">Drilling</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="learning">learning</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="rote">rote</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="replaced">replaced</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="German">German</span> <span word="method">method</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="lecturing">lecturing</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="professors">professors</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="presented">presented</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="class">class</span>. <span word="Graduate">Graduate</span> <span word="training">training</span> <span word="leading">leading</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Ph">Ph</span>.<span word="D">D</span>., <span word="an">an</span> <span word="ancient">ancient</span> <span word="German">German</span> <span word="degree">degree</span> <span word="signifying">signifying</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="highest">highest</span> <span word="level">level</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="advanced">advanced</span> <span word="scholarly">scholarly</span> <span word="attainment">attainment</span>, <span word="was">was</span> <span word="introduced">introduced</span>. <span word="With">With</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="establishment">establishment</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="seminar">seminar</span> <span word="system">system</span>, <span word="graduate">graduate</span> <span word="student">student</span> <span word="learned">learned</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="question">question</span>, <span word="analyze">analyze</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="conduct">conduct</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="research">research</span>.</p>
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