值得背诵的考研阅读真题十八
<p> <span word="In">In</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="years">years</span>, <span word="railroads">railroads</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="combining">combining</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="other">other</span>, <span word="merging">merging</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="super">super</span> <span word="systems">systems</span>, <span word="causing">causing</span> <span word="heightened">heightened</span> <span word="concerns">concerns</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="monopoly">monopoly</span>. <span word="As">As</span> <span word="recently">recently</span> <span word="as">as</span> 1995, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="top">top</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="railroads">railroads</span> <span word="accounted">accounted</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="under">under</span> 70 <span word="percent">percent</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="total">total</span> <span word="ton">ton</span>-<span word="miles">miles</span> <span word="moved">moved</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="rails">rails</span>. <span word="Next">Next</span> <span word="year">year</span>, <span word="after">after</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="series">series</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="mergers">mergers</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="completed">completed</span>, <span word="just">just</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="railroads">railroads</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="control">control</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="over">over</span> 90 <span word="percent">percent</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="freight">freight</span> <span word="moved">moved</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="major">major</span> <span word="rail">rail</span> <span word="carriers">carriers</span>.</p><p> <span word="Supporters">Supporters</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="super">super</span> <span word="systems">systems</span> <span word="argue">argue</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="mergers">mergers</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="allow">allow</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="substantial">substantial</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="reductions">reductions</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="coordinated">coordinated</span> <span word="service">service</span>. <span word="Any">Any</span> <span word="threat">threat</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="monopoly">monopoly</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="argue">argue</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="removed">removed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="fierce">fierce</span> <span word="competition">competition</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="trucks">trucks</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="shippers">shippers</span> <span word="complain">complain</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="heavy">heavy</span> <span word="bulk">bulk</span> <span word="commodities">commodities</span> <span word="traveling">traveling</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="distances">distances</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="coal">coal</span>, <span word="chemicals">chemicals</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="grain">grain</span>, <span word="trucking">trucking</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="costly">costly</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="railroads">railroads</span> <span word="therefore">therefore</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="throat">throat</span>.</p><p> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="vast">vast</span> <span word="consolidation">consolidation</span> <span word="within">within</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rail">rail</span> <span word="industry">industry</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="shippers">shippers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="served">served</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="rail">rail</span> <span word="company">company</span>. <span word="Railroads">Railroads</span> <span word="typically">typically</span> <span word="charge">charge</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="captive">captive</span> <span word="shippers">shippers</span> 20 <span word="to">to</span> 30 <span word="percent">percent</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="railroad">railroad</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="competing">competing</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="business">business</span>. <span word="Shippers">Shippers</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="feel">feel</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="overcharged">overcharged</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="right">right</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="appeal">appeal</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="federal">federal</span> <span word="governments">governments</span> <span word="Surface">Surface</span> <span word="Transportation">Transportation</span> <span word="Board">Board</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="rate">rate</span> <span word="relief">relief</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="process">process</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="expensive">expensive</span>, <span word="time">time</span>-<span word="consuming">consuming</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="truly">truly</span> <span word="extreme">extreme</span> <span word="cases">cases</span>.</p><p> <span word="Railroads">Railroads</span> <span word="justify">justify</span> <span word="rate">rate</span> <span word="discrimination">discrimination</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="captive">captive</span> <span word="shippers">shippers</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="grounds">grounds</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="run">run</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="reduces">reduces</span> <span word="everyones">everyones</span> <span word="cost">cost</span>. <span word="If">If</span> <span word="railroads">railroads</span> <span word="charged">charged</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="customers">customers</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="average">average</span> <span word="rate">rate</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="argue">argue</span>, <span word="shippers">shippers</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="option">option</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="switching">switching</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="trucks">trucks</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="forms">forms</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="transportation">transportation</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="so">so</span>, <span word="leaving">leaving</span> <span word="remaining">remaining</span> <span word="customers">customers</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="shoulder">shoulder</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="keeping">keeping</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="line">line</span>. <span word="Its">Its</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="economists">economists</span> <span word="subscribe">subscribe</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="practice">practice</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="leaves">leaves</span> <span word="railroads">railroads</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="position">position</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="determining">determining</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="companies">companies</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="flourish">flourish</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="fail">fail</span>. <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="really">really</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="railroads">railroads</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="arbiters">arbiters</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="wins">wins</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="loses">loses</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="marketplace">marketplace</span>? <span word="asks">asks</span> <span word="Martin">Martin</span> <span word="Bercovici">Bercovici</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Washington">Washington</span> <span word="lawyer">lawyer</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="frequently">frequently</span> <span word="represents">represents</span> <span word="shipper">shipper</span>.</p>
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