SAT阅读材料：Learning and Microbes
<p> <span word="Learning">Learning</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Microbes">Microbes</span> <span word="Lets">Lets</span> <span word="start">start</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="simple">simple</span> <span word="fact">fact</span> <span word="Each">Each</span> <span word="person">person</span> <span word="shelters">shelters</span> <span word="about">about</span> 100 <span word="trillion">trillion</span> <span word="microbes">microbes</span> <span word="But">But</span> <span word="scientists">scientists</span> <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="rear">rear</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="vast">vast</span> <span word="majority">majority</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="bacteria">bacteria</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="labs">labs</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="identify">identify</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="characteristics">characteristics</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="implication">implication</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="staggering">staggering</span>.</p><p> <span word="For">For</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="Are">Are</span> <span word="people">people</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="microbe">microbe</span> <span word="hosting">hosting</span> <span word="difference">difference</span>, <span word="require">require</span>, <span word="favor">favor</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="demand">demand</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="learning">learning</span>? <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="brains">brains</span> <span word="influenced">influenced</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="difference">difference</span>?</p><p> <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="early">early</span> 1900<span word="s">s</span>, <span word="scientists">scientists</span> <span word="discovered">discovered</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="person">person</span> <span word="belonged">belonged</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="blood">blood</span> <span word="types">types</span>. <span word="Now">Now</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="discovered">discovered</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="classify">classify</span> <span word="humanity">humanity</span>: <span word="by">by</span> <span word="bacteria">bacteria</span>. <span word="Each">Each</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="host">host</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="thousands">thousands</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="microbes">microbes</span>. <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="scientists">scientists</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="report">report</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="distinct">distinct</span> <span word="ecosystems">ecosystems</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="guts">guts</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="studied">studied</span>.</p><p> <span word="Its">Its</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="advance">advance</span>, <span word="said">said</span> <span word="Rob">Rob</span> <span word="Knight">Knight</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="biologist">biologist</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Colorado">Colorado</span>, <span word="who">who</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="involved">involved</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="research">research</span>. <span word="Its">Its</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="indication">indication</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="gut">gut</span> <span word="ecosystems">ecosystems</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="fall">fall</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="distinct">distinct</span> <span word="types">types</span>.</p><p> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span>, <span word="led">led</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Peer">Peer</span> <span word="Bork">Bork</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="European">European</span> <span word="Molecular">Molecular</span> <span word="Biology">Biology</span> <span word="Laboratory">Laboratory</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</span>, <span word="Germany">Germany</span>, <span word="found">found</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="link">link</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="enterotypes">enterotypes</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ethnic">ethnic</span> <span word="background">background</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="European">European</span>, <span word="American">American</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Japanese">Japanese</span> <span word="subjects">subjects</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="studied">studied</span>.</p><p> <span word="Nor">Nor</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="connection">connection</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="sex">sex</span>, <span word="weight">weight</span>, <span word="health">health</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="age">age</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="exploring">exploring</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="explanations">explanations</span>. <span word="One">One</span> <span word="possibility">possibility</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="guts">guts</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="intestines">intestines</span>, <span word="of">of</span> <span word="infants">infants</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="randomly">randomly</span> <span word="colonized">colonized</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="pioneering">pioneering</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="microbes">microbes</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="microbes">microbes</span> <span word="alter">alter</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="gut">gut</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="follow">follow</span> <span word="them">them</span>.</p>
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