SAT写作经典素材之亚当·斯密
<p> <span word="Adam">Adam</span> <span word="Smith">Smith</span></p><p> <span word="Scottish">Scottish</span> <span word="economist">economist</span>, <span word="educated">educated</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Glasgow">Glasgow</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Oxford">Oxford</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="became">became</span> <span word="professor">professor</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="moral">moral</span> <span word="philosophy">philosophy</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Univ">Univ</span>. <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Glasgow">Glasgow</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1752, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="while">while</span> <span word="teaching">teaching</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="wrote">wrote</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="Theory">Theory</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Moral">Moral</span> <span word="Sentiments">Sentiments</span> , <span word="which">which</span> <span word="gave">gave</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="beginnings">beginnings</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="international">international</span> <span word="reputation">reputation</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="traveled">traveled</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Continent">Continent</span> <span word="from">from</span> 1764 <span word="to">to</span> 1766 <span word="as">as</span> <span word="tutor">tutor</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="duke">duke</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Buccleuch">Buccleuch</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="while">while</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="France">France</span> <span word="met">met</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="physiocrats">physiocrats</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="write">write</span> <span word="An">An</span> <span word="Inquiry">Inquiry</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Nature">Nature</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Causes">Causes</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Wealth">Wealth</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Nations">Nations</span>, <span word="finally">finally</span> <span word="published">published</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1776.</p><p> <span word="In">In</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="work">work</span>, <span word="Smith">Smith</span> <span word="postulated">postulated</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="division">division</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="labor">labor</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="emphasized">emphasized</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="value">value</span> <span word="arises">arises</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="labor">labor</span> <span word="expended">expended</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="process">process</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="production">production</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rationalist">rationalist</span> <span word="current">current</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="century">century</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="direct">direct</span> <span word="influence">influence</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Hume">Hume</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="others">others</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="believe">believe</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="laissez">laissez</span>-<span word="faire">faire</span> <span word="economy">economy</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="impulse">impulse</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="self">self</span>-<span word="interest">interest</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="bring">bring</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="public">public</span> <span word="welfare">welfare</span>; <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="capable">capable</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="appreciating">appreciating</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="private">private</span> <span word="groups">groups</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="manufacturers">manufacturers</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="times">times</span> <span word="oppose">oppose</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="public">public</span> <span word="interest">interest</span>. <span word="Smith">Smith</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="opposed">opposed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="monopolies">monopolies</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="concepts">concepts</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="mercantilism">mercantilism</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="general">general</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="admitted">admitted</span> <span word="restrictions">restrictions</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="free">free</span> <span word="trade">trade</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Navigation">Navigation</span> <span word="Acts">Acts</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="sometimes">sometimes</span> <span word="necessary">necessary</span> <span word="national">national</span> <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="weapons">weapons</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="existing">existing</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="accepted">accepted</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="intervention">intervention</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="economy">economy</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="reduced">reduced</span> <span word="poverty">poverty</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="regulation">regulation</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="support">support</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="workers">workers</span>.</p><p> <span word="Smith">Smith</span> <span word="wrote">wrote</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Industrial">Industrial</span> <span word="Revolution">Revolution</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="fully">fully</span> <span word="developed">developed</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="theories">theories</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="voided">voided</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="development">development</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="analyst">analyst</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="institutions">institutions</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="influence">influence</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="later">later</span> <span word="economists">economists</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="never">never</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="surpassed">surpassed</span>. <span word="His">His</span> <span word="pragmatism">pragmatism</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="leaven">leaven</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ethical">ethical</span> <span word="content">content</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="insight">insight</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="thought">thought</span>, <span word="differentiates">differentiates</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rigidity">rigidity</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="David">David</span> <span word="Ricardo">Ricardo</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="school">school</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="early">early</span> 19<span word="th">th</span>-<span word="century">century</span> <span word="utilitarianism">utilitarianism</span>. <span word="In">In</span> 1778, <span word="Smith">Smith</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="appointed">appointed</span> <span word="commissioner">commissioner</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="customs">customs</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="Scotland">Scotland</span>. <span word="His">His</span> <span word="Essays">Essays</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="Philosophical">Philosophical</span> <span word="Subjects">Subjects</span> <span word="appeared">appeared</span> <span word="posthumously">posthumously</span>.</p>
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