SAT阅读:Dopamine and Learning
<p> <span word="Dopamine">Dopamine</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Learning">Learning</span></p><p> <span word="Dopamine">Dopamine</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="catecholamine">catecholamine</span> <span word="neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</span> <span word="present">present</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wide">wide</span> <span word="variety">variety</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="animals">animals</span>, <span word="including">including</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="vertebrates">vertebrates</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="invertebrates">invertebrates</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brain">brain</span>, <span word="this">this</span> <span word="phenethylamine">phenethylamine</span> <span word="functions">functions</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</span>, <span word="activating">activating</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="five">five</span> <span word="types">types</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="dopamine">dopamine</span> <span word="receptorsD">receptorsD</span>1, <span word="D">D</span>2, <span word="D">D</span>3, <span word="D">D</span>4, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="D">D</span>5<span word="and">and</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="variants">variants</span>. <span word="Dopamine">Dopamine</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="produced">produced</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="several">several</span> <span word="areas">areas</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brain">brain</span>, <span word="including">including</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="substantia">substantia</span> <span word="nigra">nigra</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ventral">ventral</span> <span word="tegmental">tegmental</span> <span word="area">area</span>. <span word="Dopamine">Dopamine</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="neurohormone">neurohormone</span> <span word="released">released</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hypothalamus">hypothalamus</span>. <span word="Its">Its</span> <span word="main">main</span> <span word="function">function</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="hormone">hormone</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="inhibit">inhibit</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="release">release</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="prolactin">prolactin</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="anterior">anterior</span> <span word="lobe">lobe</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pituitary">pituitary</span>.</p><p> <span word="Dopamine">Dopamine</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="available">available</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="intravenous">intravenous</span> <span word="medication">medication</span> <span word="acting">acting</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sympathetic">sympathetic</span> <span word="nervous">nervous</span> <span word="system">system</span>, <span word="producing">producing</span> <span word="effects">effects</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="increased">increased</span> <span word="heart">heart</span> <span word="rate">rate</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="blood">blood</span> <span word="pressure">pressure</span>. <span word="However">However</span>, <span word="because">because</span> <span word="dopamine">dopamine</span> <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="cross">cross</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="blood">blood</span>-<span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="barrier">barrier</span>, <span word="dopamine">dopamine</span> <span word="given">given</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="directly">directly</span> <span word="affect">affect</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="central">central</span> <span word="nervous">nervous</span> <span word="system">system</span>. <span word="To">To</span> <span word="increase">increase</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="amount">amount</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="dopamine">dopamine</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brains">brains</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="diseases">diseases</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="Parkinsons">Parkinsons</span> <span word="disease">disease</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="dopa">dopa</span>-<span word="responsive">responsive</span> <span word="dystonia">dystonia</span>, <span word="L">L</span>-<span word="DOPA">DOPA</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="precursor">precursor</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="dopamine">dopamine</span>, <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="given">given</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="cross">cross</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="blood">blood</span>-<span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="barrier">barrier</span>.</p><p> </p>
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