SAT阅读素材:What is learning
<p> <span word="What">What</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="learning">learning</span>? <span word="Learning">Learning</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="commonly">commonly</span> <span word="defined">defined</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="process">process</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="brings">brings</span> <span word="together">together</span> <span word="cognitive">cognitive</span>, <span word="emotional">emotional</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="environmental">environmental</span> <span word="influences">influences</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="experiences">experiences</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="acquiring">acquiring</span>, <span word="enhancing">enhancing</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="making">making</span> <span word="changes">changes</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="ones">ones</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span>, <span word="skills">skills</span>, <span word="values">values</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="views">views</span> . <span word="Learning">Learning</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="process">process</span> <span word="focuses">focuses</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="happens">happens</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="learning">learning</span> <span word="takes">takes</span> <span word="place">place</span>. <span word="Explanations">Explanations</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="happens">happens</span> <span word="constitute">constitute</span> <span word="learning">learning</span> <span word="theories">theories</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="learning">learning</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="attempt">attempt</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="describe">describe</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="animals">animals</span> <span word="learn">learn</span>, <span word="thereby">thereby</span> <span word="helping">helping</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="understand">understand</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="inherently">inherently</span> <span word="complex">complex</span> <span word="process">process</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="learning">learning</span>. <span word="Learning">Learning</span> <span word="theories">theories</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="chief">chief</span> <span word="values">values</span> <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Hill">Hill</span> . <span word="One">One</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="providing">providing</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="vocabulary">vocabulary</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="conceptual">conceptual</span> <span word="framework">framework</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="interpreting">interpreting</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="examples">examples</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="learning">learning</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="observe">observe</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="suggesting">suggesting</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="solutions">solutions</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="practical">practical</span> <span word="problems">problems</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="theories">theories</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="give">give</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="solutions">solutions</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="direct">direct</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="attention">attention</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="variables">variables</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="crucial">crucial</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="finding">finding</span> <span word="solutions">solutions</span>.</p><p> <span word="There">There</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="main">main</span> <span word="categories">categories</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="philosophical">philosophical</span> <span word="frameworks">frameworks</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="learning">learning</span> <span word="theories">theories</span> <span word="fall">fall</span>: <span word="behaviorism">behaviorism</span>, <span word="cognitivism">cognitivism</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="constructivism">constructivism</span>. <span word="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</span> <span word="focuses">focuses</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="objectively">objectively</span> <span word="observable">observable</span> <span word="aspects">aspects</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="learning">learning</span>. <span word="Cognitive">Cognitive</span> <span word="theories">theories</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="beyond">beyond</span> <span word="behavior">behavior</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="explain">explain</span> <span word="brain">brain</span>-<span word="based">based</span> <span word="learning">learning</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="constructivism">constructivism</span> <span word="views">views</span> <span word="learning">learning</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="process">process</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="learner">learner</span> <span word="actively">actively</span> <span word="constructs">constructs</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="builds">builds</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="ideas">ideas</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="concepts">concepts</span>.</p><p> </p>
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