SAT阅读：你必须掌握的文学术语
<p> 1.<span word="Literature">Literature</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="absurd">absurd</span>: <span word="The">The</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="applied">applied</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="works">works</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="drama">drama</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="prose">prose</span> <span word="fiction">fiction</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="common">common</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sense">sense</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="condition">condition</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="essentially">essentially</span> <span word="absurd">absurd</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="condition">condition</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="adequately">adequately</span> <span word="represented">represented</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="works">works</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="literature">literature</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span> <span word="absurd">absurd</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="current">current</span> <span word="movement">movement</span> <span word="emerged">emerged</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="France">France</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Second">Second</span> <span word="World">World</span> <span word="War">War</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="rebellion">rebellion</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="essential">essential</span> <span word="beliefs">beliefs</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="values">values</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="traditional">traditional</span> <span word="culture">culture</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="traditional">traditional</span> <span word="literature">literature</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="hold">hold</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="belief">belief</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="isolated">isolated</span> <span word="existent">existent</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="cast">cast</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="alien">alien</span> <span word="universe">universe</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="fruitless">fruitless</span> <span word="search">search</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="purpose">purpose</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="meaning">meaning</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="anguish">anguish</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="absurd">absurd</span>.</p><p> 2.<span word="Theater">Theater</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="absurd">absurd</span>: <span word="belongs">belongs</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="literature">literature</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="absurd">absurd</span>. <span word="Two">Two</span> <span word="representatives">representatives</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="school">school</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="Eugene">Eugene</span> <span word="Ionesco">Ionesco</span>, <span word="French">French</span> <span word="author">author</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Bald">Bald</span> <span word="Soprano">Soprano</span> , <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Samuel">Samuel</span> <span word="Beckett">Beckett</span>, <span word="Irish">Irish</span> <span word="author">author</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Waiting">Waiting</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="Godot">Godot</span> . <span word="They">They</span> <span word="project">project</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="irrationalism">irrationalism</span>, <span word="helplessness">helplessness</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="absurdity">absurdity</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="dramatic">dramatic</span> <span word="forms">forms</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="reject">reject</span> <span word="realistic">realistic</span> <span word="settings">settings</span>, <span word="logical">logical</span> <span word="reasoning">reasoning</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="coherently">coherently</span> <span word="evolving">evolving</span> <span word="plot">plot</span>.</p><p> 3.<span word="Black">Black</span> <span word="comedy">comedy</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="black">black</span> <span word="humor">humor</span>: <span word="it">it</span> <span word="mostly">mostly</span> <span word="employed">employed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="describe">describe</span> <span word="baleful">baleful</span>, <span word="na">na</span>?<span word="ve">ve</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="inept">inept</span> <span word="characters">characters</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="fantastic">fantastic</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="nightmarish">nightmarish</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="playing">playing</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="roles">roles</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="Ionesco">Ionesco</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="tragic">tragic</span> <span word="farce">farce</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="events">events</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="simultaneously">simultaneously</span> <span word="comic">comic</span>, <span word="horrifying">horrifying</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="absurd">absurd</span>. <span word="Joseph">Joseph</span> <span word="Hellers">Hellers</span> <span word="Catch">Catch</span>-22 <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="taken">taken</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="example">example</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="employment">employment</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="technique">technique</span>.</p><p> 4. <span word="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Aesthetic">Aesthetic</span> <span word="Movement">Movement</span>: <span word="it">it</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="prevail">prevail</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="middle">middle</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> 19<span word="th">th</span> <span word="century">century</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="art">art</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="arts">arts</span> <span word="sake">sake</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="forward">forward</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="French">French</span> <span word="artists">artists</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="declared">declared</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="art">art</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="serve">serve</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="religious">religious</span>, <span word="moral">moral</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="purpose">purpose</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="representatives">representatives</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="aestheticists">aestheticists</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="English">English</span> <span word="literature">literature</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="Walt">Walt</span> <span word="Pater">Pater</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Oscar">Oscar</span> <span word="Wilde">Wilde</span>.</p>
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