SAT阅读背景知识补充材料：文学术语(二)
<p> 11. <span word="Allusion">Allusion</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="reference">reference</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="explicit">explicit</span> <span word="identification">identification</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="literary">literary</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="historical">historical</span> <span word="person">person</span>, <span word="place">place</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="event">event</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="literary">literary</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="passage">passage</span>. <span word="Most">Most</span> <span word="literary">literary</span> <span word="allusions">allusions</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="intended">intended</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="recognized">recognized</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="generally">generally</span> <span word="educated">educated</span> <span word="readers">readers</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="authors">authors</span> <span word="time">time</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="aimed">aimed</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="special">special</span> <span word="group">group</span>.</p><p> 12. <span word="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</span>: <span word="Since">Since</span> <span word="William">William</span> <span word="Empson">Empson</span> <span word="published">published</span> <span word="Seven">Seven</span> <span word="Types">Types</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="widely">widely</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="criticism">criticism</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="identify">identify</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="deliberate">deliberate</span> <span word="poetic">poetic</span> <span word="device">device</span>: <span word="the">the</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="single">single</span> <span word="word">word</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="expression">expression</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="signify">signify</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="distinct">distinct</span> <span word="references">references</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="express">express</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="diverse">diverse</span> <span word="attitudes">attitudes</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="feeling">feeling</span>.</p><p> 13. <span word="Antihero">Antihero</span>：<span word="the">the</span> <span word="chief">chief</span> <span word="character">character</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="novel">novel</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="play">play</span> <span word="whose">whose</span> <span word="character">character</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="totally">totally</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="traditional">traditional</span> <span word="heroes">heroes</span>. <span word="Instead">Instead</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="manifesting">manifesting</span> <span word="largeness">largeness</span>, <span word="dignity">dignity</span>, <span word="power">power</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="heroism">heroism</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="antihero">antihero</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="petty">petty</span>, <span word="passive">passive</span>, <span word="ineffectual">ineffectual</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="dishonest">dishonest</span>. <span word="For">For</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="heroine">heroine</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Defoes">Defoes</span> <span word="Moll">Moll</span> <span word="Flanders">Flanders</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="thief">thief</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="prostitute">prostitute</span>.</p><p> 14. <span word="Antithesis">Antithesis</span>：<span word="An">An</span> <span word="antithesis">antithesis</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="expressed">expressed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="balanced">balanced</span> <span word="sentence">sentence</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="sentence">sentence</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="identical">identical</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="similar">similar</span> <span word="syntactic">syntactic</span> <span word="structure">structure</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="express">express</span> <span word="contrasting">contrasting</span> <span word="ideas">ideas</span>. <span word="For">For</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="Marriage">Marriage</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="pains">pains</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="celibacyhas">celibacyhas</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="pleasures">pleasures</span>. <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Samuel">Samuel</span> <span word="Johnson">Johnson</span> <span word="obviously">obviously</span> <span word="employs">employs</span> <span word="antithesis">antithesis</span>.</p><p> 15. <span word="Archaism">Archaism</span>：<span word="the">the</span> <span word="literary">literary</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="words">words</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="expressions">expressions</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="obsolete">obsolete</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="common">common</span> <span word="speech">speech</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="era">era</span>. <span word="For">For</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="translators">translators</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="King">King</span> <span word="James">James</span> <span word="Version">Version</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Bible">Bible</span> <span word="gave">gave</span> <span word="weight">weight</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="dignity">dignity</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="prose">prose</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="employing">employing</span> <span word="archaism">archaism</span>.</p>
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