SAT阅读扩展:Immanuel Kant
<p> <span word="Immanuel">Immanuel</span> <span word="Kant">Kant</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="an">an</span> 18<span word="th">th</span>-<span word="century">century</span> <span word="German">German</span> <span word="philosopher">philosopher</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Prussian">Prussian</span> <span word="city">city</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="K">K</span>?<span word="nigsberg">nigsberg</span>. <span word="Kant">Kant</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="influential">influential</span> <span word="philosopher">philosopher</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="classic">classic</span> <span word="sequence">sequence</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Enlightenment">Enlightenment</span> <span word="beginning">beginning</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="thinkers">thinkers</span> <span word="John">John</span> <span word="Locke">Locke</span>, <span word="George">George</span> <span word="Berkeley">Berkeley</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="David">David</span> <span word="Hume">Hume</span>.</p><p> <span word="Kant">Kant</span> <span word="created">created</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="perspective">perspective</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="philosophy">philosophy</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="widespread">widespread</span> <span word="influences">influences</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="philosophy">philosophy</span> <span word="continuing">continuing</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> 21<span word="st">st</span> <span word="century">century</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="published">published</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="works">works</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="epistemology">epistemology</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="works">works</span> <span word="relevant">relevant</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="religion">religion</span>, <span word="law">law</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="history">history</span>. <span word="One">One</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="prominent">prominent</span> <span word="works">works</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Critique">Critique</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Pure">Pure</span> <span word="Reason">Reason</span>, <span word="an">an</span> <span word="investigation">investigation</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="limitations">limitations</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="structure">structure</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="itself">itself</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="encompasses">encompasses</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="attack">attack</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="traditional">traditional</span> <span word="metaphysics">metaphysics</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="epistemology">epistemology</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="highlights">highlights</span> <span word="Kants">Kants</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="contribution">contribution</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="areas">areas</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="main">main</span> <span word="works">works</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="maturity">maturity</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Critique">Critique</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Practical">Practical</span> <span word="Reason">Reason</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="concentrates">concentrates</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="ethics">ethics</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Critique">Critique</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Judgment">Judgment</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="investigates">investigates</span> <span word="aesthetics">aesthetics</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="teleology">teleology</span>.</p><p> <span word="Kant">Kant</span> <span word="suggested">suggested</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="metaphysics">metaphysics</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="reformed">reformed</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="epistemology">epistemology</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="suggested">suggested</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="understanding">understanding</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sources">sources</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="limits">limits</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="ask">ask</span> <span word="fruitful">fruitful</span> <span word="metaphysical">metaphysical</span> <span word="questions">questions</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="asked">asked</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="object">object</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="properties">properties</span> <span word="prior">prior</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="experience">experience</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="object">object</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="concluded">concluded</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="objects">objects</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mind">mind</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="conform">conform</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="manner">manner</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="thought">thought</span>. <span word="Therefore">Therefore</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mind">mind</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="terms">terms</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="causality">causality</span><span word="which">which</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="concluded">concluded</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="does">does</span><span word="then">then</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="prior">prior</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="experiencing">experiencing</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="objects">objects</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="experience">experience</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="either">either</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>. <span word="However">However</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="follows">follows</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="objects">objects</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="nature">nature</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mind">mind</span> <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="think">think</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="causality">causality</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="instance">instance</span>, <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="applied">applied</span> <span word="outside">outside</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="experience">experience</span>: <span word="hence">hence</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="know">know</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="existed">existed</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="cause">cause</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="grand">grand</span> <span word="questions">questions</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="speculative">speculative</span> <span word="metaphysics">metaphysics</span> <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="answered">answered</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="mind">mind</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sciences">sciences</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="firmly">firmly</span> <span word="grounded">grounded</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="laws">laws</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mind">mind</span>.</p>
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