The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures
<p> <span word="General">General</span> <span word="conception">conception</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Nature">Nature</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Ratiocination">Ratiocination</span></p><p> <span word="A">A</span> <span word="judgment">judgment</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="comparison">comparison</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="subject">subject</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="thing">thing</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="attribute">attribute</span> . <span word="The">The</span> <span word="comparison">comparison</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="using">using</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="copula">copula</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="linking">linking</span> <span word="verb">verb</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="negative">negative</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span>. <span word="Therefore">Therefore</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="judgment">judgment</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="declarative">declarative</span> <span word="sentence">sentence</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="categorical">categorical</span> <span word="proposition">proposition</span>. <span word="Example">Example</span>: <span word="The">The</span> <span word="tiger">tiger</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="four">four</span>-<span word="footed">footed</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span> <span word="four">four</span>-<span word="footed">footed</span> <span word="can">can</span>, <span word="itself">itself</span>, <span word="have">have</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="further">further</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span> <span word="animal">animal</span>. <span word="One">One</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="predicates">predicates</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="immediately">immediately</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="directly">directly</span> <span word="connected">connected</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="subject">subject</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="thing">thing</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="mediate">mediate</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="indirectly">indirectly</span> <span word="connected">connected</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="subject">subject</span>.</p><p> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="tiger">tiger</span> ----------<span word="is">is</span>---------- <span word="a">a</span> <span word="four">four</span>-<span word="footed">footed</span>---------- <span word="animal">animal</span>.</p><p> <span word="In">In</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="relation">relation</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="subject">subject</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="consider">consider</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="mediate">mediate</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span>. <span word="Between">Between</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="mediate">mediate</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="attribute">attribute</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="place">place</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="intermediate">intermediate</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span>. <span word="For">For</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="judgment">judgment</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sun">sun</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="luminous">luminous</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="attempt">attempt</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="clarification">clarification</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="inserting">inserting</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span> <span word="star">star</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="becomes">becomes</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="immediate">immediate</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span>, <span word="intermediate">intermediate</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="subject">subject</span> <span word="sun">sun</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mediate">mediate</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span> <span word="luminous">luminous</span>.</p><p> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="sun">sun</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="star">star</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="luminous">luminous</span>.</p><p> <span word="Sun">Sun</span> = <span word="subject">subject</span></p><p> <span word="Is">Is</span> = <span word="copula">copula</span></p><p> <span word="Star">Star</span> = <span word="immediate">immediate</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span></p><p> <span word="Luminous">Luminous</span> = <span word="remote">remote</span> <span word="mediate">mediate</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span></p><p> <span word="Kant">Kant</span> <span word="calls">calls</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="process">process</span> <span word="ratiocination">ratiocination</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="comparison">comparison</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="remote">remote</span>, <span word="mediate">mediate</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="subject">subject</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="intermediate">intermediate</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="intermediate">intermediate</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="middle">middle</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="rational">rational</span> <span word="inference">inference</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="comparison">comparison</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="subject">subject</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="remote">remote</span>, <span word="mediate">mediate</span> <span word="predicate">predicate</span> <span word="occurs">occurs</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="judgments">judgments</span>:</p>
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