SAT阅读素材:Modern urban design
<p> <span word="Modern">Modern</span> <span word="urban">urban</span> <span word="design">design</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="considered">considered</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="wider">wider</span> <span word="discipline">discipline</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Urban">Urban</span> <span word="planning">planning</span>. <span word="Indeed">Indeed</span>, <span word="Urban">Urban</span> <span word="planning">planning</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="movement">movement</span> <span word="primarily">primarily</span> <span word="occupied">occupied</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="matters">matters</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="urban">urban</span> <span word="design">design</span>. <span word="Works">Works</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="Ildefons">Ildefons</span> <span word="Cerdas">Cerdas</span> <span word="General">General</span> <span word="Theory">Theory</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Urbanization">Urbanization</span> , <span word="Camillo">Camillo</span> <span word="Sittes">Sittes</span> <span word="City">City</span> <span word="Planning">Planning</span> <span word="According">According</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Artistic">Artistic</span> <span word="Principles">Principles</span> , <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Robinsons">Robinsons</span> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Improvement">Improvement</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Cities">Cities</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Towns">Towns</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Modern">Modern</span> <span word="Civic">Civic</span> <span word="Art">Art</span> , <span word="all">all</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="primarily">primarily</span> <span word="concerned">concerned</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="urban">urban</span> <span word="design">design</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="later">later</span> <span word="City">City</span> <span word="Beautiful">Beautiful</span> <span word="movement">movement</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="North">North</span> <span word="America">America</span>.</p><p> <span word="Urban">Urban</span> <span word="design">design</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="distinctive">distinctive</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="Harvard">Harvard</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="hosted">hosted</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="series">series</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Urban">Urban</span> <span word="Design">Design</span> <span word="Conferences">Conferences</span> <span word="from">from</span> 1956 . <span word="These">These</span> <span word="conferences">conferences</span> <span word="provided">provided</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="platform">platform</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="launching">launching</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Harvards">Harvards</span> <span word="Urban">Urban</span> <span word="Design">Design</span> <span word="program">program</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1959-60. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="writings">writings</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Jane">Jane</span> <span word="Jacobs">Jacobs</span>, <span word="Kevin">Kevin</span> <span word="Lynch">Lynch</span>, <span word="Gordon">Gordon</span> <span word="Cullen">Cullen</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Christopher">Christopher</span> <span word="Alexander">Alexander</span> <span word="became">became</span> <span word="authoritative">authoritative</span> <span word="works">works</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="school">school</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Urban">Urban</span> <span word="Design">Design</span>.</p><p> <span word="Gordon">Gordon</span> <span word="Cullens">Cullens</span> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Concise">Concise</span> <span word="Townscape">Townscape</span>, <span word="first">first</span> <span word="published">published</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1961, <span word="also">also</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="influence">influence</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="urban">urban</span> <span word="designers">designers</span>. <span word="Cullen">Cullen</span> <span word="examined">examined</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="traditional">traditional</span> <span word="artistic">artistic</span> <span word="approach">approach</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="city">city</span> <span word="design">design</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="theorists">theorists</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="Camillo">Camillo</span> <span word="Sitte">Sitte</span>, <span word="Barry">Barry</span> <span word="Parker">Parker</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Raymond">Raymond</span> <span word="Unwin">Unwin</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="created">created</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="concept">concept</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="serial">serial</span> <span word="vision">vision</span>, <span word="defining">defining</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="urban">urban</span> <span word="landscape">landscape</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="series">series</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="related">related</span> <span word="spaces">spaces</span>.</p><p> <span word="Jane">Jane</span> <span word="Jacobs">Jacobs</span> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Death">Death</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Life">Life</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Great">Great</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="Cities">Cities</span>, <span word="published">published</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1961, <span word="was">was</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="catalyst">catalyst</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="interest">interest</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="ideas">ideas</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="urban">urban</span> <span word="design">design</span>. <span word="She">She</span> <span word="critiqued">critiqued</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Modernism">Modernism</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="CIAM">CIAM</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="asserted">asserted</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="publicly">publicly</span> <span word="unowned">unowned</span> <span word="spaces">spaces</span> <span word="created">created</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="city">city</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="park">park</span> <span word="notion">notion</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Modernists">Modernists</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="main">main</span> <span word="reasons">reasons</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rising">rising</span> <span word="crime">crime</span> <span word="rate">rate</span>. <span word="She">She</span> <span word="argued">argued</span> <span word="instead">instead</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="eyes">eyes</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="street">street</span> <span word="approach">approach</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="town">town</span> <span word="planning">planning</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="resurrection">resurrection</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="main">main</span> <span word="public">public</span> <span word="space">space</span> <span word="precedents">precedents</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="streets">streets</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="squares">squares</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="design">design</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cities">cities</span>.</p>
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