浅析GMAT非形式逻辑解题
<p> 1、前后呼应原则 假设题型的答案一定是文章成立的必要条件，从形式上分为桥梁型和排除削弱型。其中的桥梁型是直接考察前后呼应的，加强、削弱等题型则是建立在桥梁型的基础上。 例1 <span word="On">On</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="whole">whole</span>, <span word="Ms">Ms</span>. <span word="Dennis">Dennis</span> <span word="remarked">remarked</span>, <span word="engineering">engineering</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="lazier">lazier</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span>. <span word="I">I</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="fewer">fewer</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fewer">fewer</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="regularly">regularly</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="assigned">assigned</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="conclusion">conclusion</span> <span word="drawn">drawn</span> <span word="above">above</span> <span word="depends">depends</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="assumptions">assumptions</span>? (<span word="A">A</span>) <span word="Engineering">Engineering</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="booming">booming</span> <span word="market">market</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="spending">spending</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="investigating">investigating</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="job">job</span> <span word="opportunities">opportunities</span>. (<span word="B">B</span>) <span word="Whether">Whether</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="assigned">assigned</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="indication">indication</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="lazy">lazy</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span>. (<span word="C">C</span>) <span word="Engineering">Engineering</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="harder">harder</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="demanding">demanding</span> <span word="fields">fields</span>. (<span word="D">D</span>) <span word="Ms">Ms</span>. <span word="Dennis">Dennis</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="Ms">Ms</span>. <span word="Dennis">Dennis</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="effective">effective</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="once">once</span> <span word="was">was</span>. (<span word="E">E</span>) <span word="Laziness">Laziness</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="outgrow">outgrow</span>. 翻译： 丹妮丝女士说：总的来说，工程系的学生比他们过去更懒了。我知道这一点因为我的学生中做指派工作的越来越少了。 问：上面的结论基于下面哪一个假设? (<span word="A">A</span>) 工程系的学生工作越来越少了，因为在一个蓬勃发展的市场中他们花越来越多的时间调查各式各样的工作机会。 (<span word="B">B</span>) 学生是否做指派的工作是他们多懒的一个标志。 (<span word="C">C</span>) 工程系的学生应该比那些要求较低的领域中的学生更加努力工作。 (<span word="D">D</span>) 丹妮丝女士的学生工作得更少因为丹妮丝女士作为老师不象以前那么有效了。 (<span word="E">E</span>) 懒惰是大部分人无法戒掉的一个毛病。 分析：可以看见(<span word="B">B</span>)选项在文章的前提和结论之间架了一个桥。这是假设题答案的一个重要特征，大家可以根据这个特点在读不懂文章的情况下做出正确答案。 例2、<span word="Even">Even</span> <span word="though">though</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="universities">universities</span> <span word="retain">retain</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="royalties">royalties</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="faculty">faculty</span> <span word="members">members</span> <span word="inventions">inventions</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="faculty">faculty</span> <span word="members">members</span> <span word="retain">retain</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="royalties">royalties</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="books">books</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="articles">articles</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="write">write</span>. <span word="Therefore">Therefore</span>, <span word="faculty">faculty</span> <span word="members">members</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="retain">retain</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="royalties">royalties</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="educational">educational</span> <span word="computer">computer</span> <span word="software">software</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="develop">develop</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="conclusion">conclusion</span> <span word="above">above</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="reasonably">reasonably</span> <span word="drawn">drawn</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="inserted">inserted</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="argument">argument</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="additional">additional</span> <span word="premise">premise</span>? (<span word="A">A</span>) <span word="Royalties">Royalties</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="inventions">inventions</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="higher">higher</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="royalties">royalties</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="educational">educational</span> <span word="software">software</span> <span word="programs">programs</span>. (<span word="B">B</span>) <span word="Faculty">Faculty</span> <span word="members">members</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="produce">produce</span> <span word="educational">educational</span> <span word="software">software</span> <span word="programs">programs</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="inventions">inventions</span>. (<span word="C">C</span>) <span word="Inventions">Inventions</span> <span word="bring">bring</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="prestige">prestige</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="universities">universities</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="books">books</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="articles">articles</span>. (<span word="D">D</span>) <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="experience">experience</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="universities">universities</span>, <span word="educational">educational</span> <span word="software">software</span> <span word="programs">programs</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="marketable">marketable</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="books">books</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="articles">articles</span>. (<span word="E">E</span>) <span word="In">In</span> <span word="terms">terms</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="criteria">criteria</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="award">award</span> <span word="royalties">royalties</span>, <span word="educational">educational</span> <span word="software">software</span> <span word="programs">programs</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="nearly">nearly</span> <span word="comparable">comparable</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="books">books</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="articles">articles</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="inventions">inventions</span>. 翻译：尽管大部分大学拥有了他们教员发明的版税，但是教员却拥有他们所写的书和论文的版税，因此教员应该拥有他们所开发的计算机软件的版税。 问：下面哪一项作为一个附加的前提被加上的话，上面的结论将会被推出? (<span word="A">A</span>) 发明的版税比教育软件的版税要高; (<span word="B">B</span>) 教员更有可能做出教育软件，而不是发明; (<span word="C">C</span>) 发明带给了出书和文章的大学更高的威望; (<span word="D">D</span>) 大部分大学的经验当中，教育软件比起书和论文更容易市场化; (<span word="E">E</span>) 根据过去给的版税标准，教育软件和书、论文的相似程度比起发明更大一些。 分析：这篇文章阅读起来是有困难的，关键是看不懂书、论文和教育软件之间的关系，但这正是我们要注意的，因为推导缺陷就在于此，假设的答案也就产生于此处。<span word="E">E</span> 选项说明了教育软件和书、论文两者之间的关系，所以是正确答案。</p>
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