新GRE作文：哥伦布
<p> 哥伦布</p><p> <span word="Italian">Italian</span> <span word="mariner">mariner</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="navigator">navigator</span>; <span word="widely">widely</span> <span word="believed">believed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="European">European</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="sail">sail</span> <span word="across">across</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Atlantic">Atlantic</span> <span word="Ocean">Ocean</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="successfully">successfully</span> <span word="land">land</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="continent">continent</span>. <span word="Born">Born</span> <span word="Cristoforo">Cristoforo</span> <span word="Colombo">Colombo</span>, <span word="between">between</span> <span word="August">August</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="October">October</span> 1451, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Genoa">Genoa</span>, <span word="Italy">Italy</span>. <span word="Columbus">Columbus</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="eldest">eldest</span> <span word="son">son</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Domenico">Domenico</span> <span word="Colombo">Colombo</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wool">wool</span>-<span word="worker">worker</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="small">small</span>-<span word="scale">scale</span> <span word="merchant">merchant</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="wife">wife</span>, <span word="Susanna">Susanna</span> <span word="Fontanarossa">Fontanarossa</span>; <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="younger">younger</span> <span word="brothers">brothers</span>, <span word="Bartholomew">Bartholomew</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Diego">Diego</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="received">received</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="formal">formal</span> <span word="education">education</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="largely">largely</span> <span word="self">self</span>-<span word="taught">taught</span> <span word="man">man</span>, <span word="later">later</span> <span word="learning">learning</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="read">read</span> <span word="Latin">Latin</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="write">write</span> <span word="Castilian">Castilian</span>.</p><p> <span word="Columbus">Columbus</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="sea">sea</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="on">on</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="considerable">considerable</span> <span word="voyage">voyage</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Aegean">Aegean</span> <span word="island">island</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Chios">Chios</span>, <span word="in">in</span> 1475. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="later">later</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="survived">survived</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="shipwreck">shipwreck</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="Cape">Cape</span> <span word="St">St</span>. <span word="Vincent">Vincent</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="swam">swam</span> <span word="ashore">ashore</span>, <span word="after">after</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="moved">moved</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Lisbon">Lisbon</span>, <span word="Portugal">Portugal</span>, <span word="where">where</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="brother">brother</span> <span word="Bartholomew">Bartholomew</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="living">living</span>. <span word="Both">Both</span> <span word="brothers">brothers</span> <span word="worked">worked</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="chartmakers">chartmakers</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="Columbus">Columbus</span> <span word="already">already</span> <span word="nurtured">nurtured</span> <span word="dreams">dreams</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="making">making</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="fortune">fortune</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="sea">sea</span>. <span word="In">In</span> 1477, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="sailed">sailed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="England">England</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Ireland">Ireland</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="possibly">possibly</span> <span word="Iceland">Iceland</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Portuguese">Portuguese</span> <span word="marine">marine</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="bought">bought</span> <span word="sugar">sugar</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Madeira">Madeira</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Genoese">Genoese</span> <span word="firm">firm</span>.</p><p> <span word="In">In</span> 1479, <span word="Columbus">Columbus</span> <span word="married">married</span> <span word="Felipa">Felipa</span> <span word="Perestello">Perestello</span> <span word="e">e</span> <span word="Moniz">Moniz</span>, <span word="from">from</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="impoverished">impoverished</span> <span word="noble">noble</span> <span word="Portuguese">Portuguese</span> <span word="family">family</span>. <span word="Their">Their</span> <span word="son">son</span>, <span word="Diego">Diego</span>, <span word="was">was</span> <span word="born">born</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1480. <span word="Felipa">Felipa</span> <span word="died">died</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1485, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Columbus">Columbus</span> <span word="later">later</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="relationship">relationship</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="Beatriz">Beatriz</span> <span word="Enruez">Enruez</span> <span word="de">de</span> <span word="Harana">Harana</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Cordoba">Cordoba</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="whom">whom</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="son">son</span>, <span word="Ferdinand">Ferdinand</span>.</p> <span word="By">By</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mid">mid</span>-1480<span word="s">s</span>, <span word="Columbus">Columbus</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="focused">focused</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="plans">plans</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="discovery">discovery</span>, <span word="chief">chief</span> <span word="among">among</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="desire">desire</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="discover">discover</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="westward">westward</span> <span word="route">route</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Asia">Asia</span>. <span word="In">In</span> 1484, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="asked">asked</span> <span word="King">King</span> <span word="John">John</span> <span word="II">II</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Portugal">Portugal</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="voyage">voyage</span> <span word="west">west</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="refused">refused</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="next">next</span> <span word="year">year</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Spain">Spain</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="son">son</span>, <span word="Diego">Diego</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="seek">seek</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="aid">aid</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Queen">Queen</span> <span word="Isabella">Isabella</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Castile">Castile</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="husband">husband</span>, <span word="King">King</span> <span word="Ferdinand">Ferdinand</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Aragon">Aragon</span>. <span word="Though">Though</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Spanish">Spanish</span> <span word="monarchs">monarchs</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="rejected">rejected</span> <span word="Columbus">Columbus</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="gave">gave</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="annuity">annuity</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="live">live</span> <span word="on">on</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="remained">remained</span> <span word="hopeful">hopeful</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="convincing">convincing</span> <span word="them">them</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="January">January</span> <span word="of">of</span> 1492, <span word="after">after</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="twice">twice</span> <span word="rebuffed">rebuffed</span>, <span word="Columbus">Columbus</span> <span word="obtained">obtained</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="support">support</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Ferdinand">Ferdinand</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Isabella">Isabella</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="favorable">favorable</span> <span word="response">response</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="directly">directly</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fall">fall</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Granada">Granada</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="Moorish">Moorish</span> <span word="stronghold">stronghold</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Spain">Spain</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="Spanish">Spanish</span> <span word="Christians">Christians</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="believe">believe</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="close">close</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="eliminating">eliminating</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="spread">spread</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Islam">Islam</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="southern">southern</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="beyond">beyond</span>. <span word="Christian">Christian</span> <span word="missionary">missionary</span> <span word="zeal">zeal</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="desire">desire</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="increase">increase</span> <span word="Spanish">Spanish</span> <span word="prominence">prominence</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Portugal">Portugal</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="desire">desire</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="gold">gold</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="conquest">conquest</span>, <span word="were">were</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="primary">primary</span> <span word="driving">driving</span> <span word="forces">forces</span> <span word="behind">behind</span> <span word="Columbus">Columbus</span>?<span word="historic">historic</span> <span word="voyage">voyage</span>.</p>
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