GRE写作话题：质疑精神(Skepticism)
<p> 编辑点评： 质疑精神是<span word="GRE">GRE</span>写作的重要话题。积累相关的知识与词汇，对考生的写作大有裨益。本文为大家介绍三大类质疑精神。</p><p> <span word="Skepticism">Skepticism</span> <span word="refers">refers</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="philosophic">philosophic</span> <span word="position">position</span> <span word="holding">holding</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="possibility">possibility</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="limited">limited</span> <span word="either">either</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="limitations">limitations</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mind">mind</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="inaccessibility">inaccessibility</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="object">object</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="loosely">loosely</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="denote">denote</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="questioning">questioning</span> <span word="attitude">attitude</span>. <span word="Extreme">Extreme</span> <span word="skepticism">skepticism</span> <span word="holds">holds</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="possible">possible</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="logically">logically</span> <span word="untenable">untenable</span> <span word="since">since</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="statement">statement</span> <span word="contradicts">contradicts</span> <span word="itself">itself</span>. <span word="During">During</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Renaissance">Renaissance</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="influence">influence</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ancient">ancient</span> <span word="skepticism">skepticism</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="reflected">reflected</span> <span word="preeminently">preeminently</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="writings">writings</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> 16<span word="th">th</span>-<span word="century">century</span> <span word="French">French</span> <span word="philosophical">philosophical</span> <span word="essayist">essayist</span> <span word="Michel">Michel</span> <span word="de">de</span> <span word="Montaigne">Montaigne</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="greatest">greatest</span> <span word="exponent">exponent</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="skepticism">skepticism</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> 18<span word="th">th</span>-<span word="century">century</span> <span word="Scottish">Scottish</span> <span word="empiricist">empiricist</span> <span word="philosopher">philosopher</span> <span word="David">David</span> <span word="Hume">Hume</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="Treatise">Treatise</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Human">Human</span> <span word="Nature">Nature</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="An">An</span> <span word="Enquiry">Enquiry</span> <span word="Concerning">Concerning</span> <span word="Human">Human</span> <span word="Understanding">Understanding</span> , <span word="Hume">Hume</span> <span word="questions">questions</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="possibility">possibility</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="demonstrating">demonstrating</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="truth">truth</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="beliefs">beliefs</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="external">external</span> <span word="world">world</span>, <span word="causal">causal</span> <span word="connections">connections</span>, <span word="future">future</span> <span word="events">events</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="metaphysical">metaphysical</span> <span word="entities">entities</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="soul">soul</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="God">God</span>.</p><p> <span word="The">The</span> 18<span word="th">th</span>-<span word="century">century</span> <span word="German">German</span> <span word="philosopher">philosopher</span> <span word="Immanuel">Immanuel</span> <span word="Kant">Kant</span>, <span word="while">while</span> <span word="attempting">attempting</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="overcome">overcome</span> <span word="Hume">Hume</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="skepticism">skepticism</span>, <span word="denied">denied</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="possibility">possibility</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="knowing">knowing</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="achieving">achieving</span> <span word="metaphysical">metaphysical</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> 19<span word="th">th</span> <span word="century">century</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="German">German</span> <span word="philosopher">philosopher</span> <span word="Friedrich">Friedrich</span> <span word="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</span> <span word="denied">denied</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="possibility">possibility</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="complete">complete</span> <span word="objectivity">objectivity</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="thus">thus</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="objective">objective</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="field">field</span>. <span word="The">The</span> 20<span word="th">th</span>-<span word="century">century</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="philosopher">philosopher</span> <span word="George">George</span> <span word="Santayana">Santayana</span>, <span word="claiming">claiming</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="taken">taken</span> <span word="Hume">Hume</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="skepticism">skepticism</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="step">step</span> <span word="further">further</span>, <span word="maintained">maintained</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="Scepticism">Scepticism</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Animal">Animal</span> <span word="Faith">Faith</span> , <span word="that">that</span> <span word="belief">belief</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="existence">existence</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="anything">anything</span>, <span word="including">including</span> <span word="oneself">oneself</span>, <span word="rests">rests</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="natural">natural</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="irrational">irrational</span> <span word="impulse">impulse</span>. <span word="Elements">Elements</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="skepticism">skepticism</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="schools">schools</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="philosophy">philosophy</span>, <span word="including">including</span> <span word="pragmatism">pragmatism</span>, <span word="analytic">analytic</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="linguistic">linguistic</span> <span word="philosophy">philosophy</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="existentialism">existentialism</span>.</p>
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