GRE作文备考资料：国家制度建设类 伦理道德类
<p> 第十三大类 国家制度建设类</p><p> 1 政府和政治</p><p> <span word="A">A</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="organized">organized</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="community">community</span> <span word="occupying">occupying</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="definite">definite</span> <span word="territory">territory</span>, <span word="having">having</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="organized">organized</span> <span word="government">government</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="possessing">possessing</span> <span word="internal">internal</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="external">external</span> <span word="sovereignty">sovereignty</span>. <span word="Recognition">Recognition</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="state">state</span>?<span word="s">s</span> <span word="claim">claim</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="independence">independence</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="states">states</span>, <span word="enabling">enabling</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="enter">enter</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="international">international</span> <span word="agreements">agreements</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="establishment">establishment</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="statehood">statehood</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="defined">defined</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="terms">terms</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="domestic">domestic</span> <span word="conditions">conditions</span>, <span word="specifically">specifically</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="conceptualized">conceptualized</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Max">Max</span> <span word="Weber">Weber</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="community">community</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="claims">claims</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="monopoly">monopoly</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> ?<span word="legitimate">legitimate</span>? <span word="use">use</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="physical">physical</span> <span word="force">force</span> <span word="within">within</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="given">given</span> <span word="territory">territory</span>.</p><p> <span word="Government">Government</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="defined">defined</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="creating">creating</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="enforcing">enforcing</span> <span word="laws">laws</span>, <span word="typically">typically</span> <span word="via">via</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bureaucratic">bureaucratic</span> <span word="hierarchy">hierarchy</span>.</p><p> <span word="Politics">Politics</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="process">process</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="decisions">decisions</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="within">within</span> <span word="groups">groups</span>. <span word="Although">Although</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="generally">generally</span> <span word="applied">applied</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="behavior">behavior</span> <span word="within">within</span> <span word="governments">governments</span>, <span word="politics">politics</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="observed">observed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="interactions">interactions</span>, <span word="including">including</span> <span word="corporate">corporate</span>, <span word="academic">academic</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="religious">religious</span> <span word="institutions">institutions</span>. <span word="Many">Many</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="systems">systems</span> <span word="exist">exist</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="understanding">understanding</span> <span word="them">them</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="definitions">definitions</span> <span word="overlap">overlap</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="common">common</span> <span word="form">form</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="worldwide">worldwide</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="republic">republic</span>; <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="other">other</span> <span word="examples">examples</span> <span word="include">include</span> <span word="monarchy">monarchy</span>, <span word="social">social</span> <span word="democracy">democracy</span>, <span word="military">military</span> <span word="dictatorship">dictatorship</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="theocracy">theocracy</span>.<span word="All">All</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="issues">issues</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="direct">direct</span> <span word="relationship">relationship</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="economics">economics</span>.</p><p> 政府的作用</p><p> <span word="Government">Government</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="unique">unique</span> <span word="position">position</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bring">bring</span> <span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="resources">resources</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bear">bear</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="needed">needed</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="insure">insure</span> <span word="across">across</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="entire">entire</span> <span word="society">society</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="disasters">disasters</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="personal">personal</span> <span word="need">need</span>. <span word="Disaster">Disaster</span> <span word="relief">relief</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="appropriately">appropriately</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="concern">concern</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="government">government</span>, <span word="rushing">rushing</span> <span word="resources">resources</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="areas">areas</span> <span word="hit">hit</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="tornadoes">tornadoes</span>, <span word="hurricanes">hurricanes</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="earthquakes">earthquakes</span>. <span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="still">still</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="immediate">immediate</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="limited">limited</span> <span word="role">role</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="private">private</span> <span word="philanthropy">philanthropy</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="organizations">organizations</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="Red">Red</span> <span word="Cross">Cross</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fundamental">fundamental</span> <span word="role">role</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="relief">relief</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="reconstruction">reconstruction</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="handled">handled</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="governments">governments</span>. <span word="Government">Government</span>, <span word="put">put</span> <span word="bluntly">bluntly</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="position">position</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="coerce">coerce</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="advantage">advantage</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="insurance">insurance</span>, <span word="contributing">contributing</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="fair">fair</span> <span word="share">share</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="insure">insure</span> <span word="ourselves">ourselves</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="provide">provide</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="needs">needs</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="poor">poor</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="affected">affected</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="disasters">disasters</span>. <span word="Economists">Economists</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="game">game</span> <span word="theorists">theorists</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="proven">proven</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="again">again</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="under">under</span>-<span word="invest">invest</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="public">public</span> <span word="goods">goods</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="forced">forced</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="taxation">taxation</span>. <span word="One">One</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="fault">fault</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="poor">poor</span> <span word="planning">planning</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="wasting">wasting</span> <span word="money">money</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="private">private</span> <span word="philanthropy">philanthropy</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="never">never</span> <span word="substitute">substitute</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mechanism">mechanism</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="society">society</span>-<span word="wide">wide</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="programs">programs</span> <span word="funded">funded</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="administered">administered</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="government">government</span>.</p>
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