阅读理解综合类职称的英语考试练习(5)
<p> <span word="Drug">Drug</span> <span word="Reactions">Reactions</span>---<span word="A">A</span> <span word="Major">Major</span> <span word="Cause">Cause</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Death">Death</span></p><p> <span word="Adverse">Adverse</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="reactions">reactions</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="deaths">deaths</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="over">over</span> 100,000 <span word="US">US</span> <span word="hospital">hospital</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="year">year</span>, <span word="making">making</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="leading">leading</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="death">death</span> <span word="nationwide">nationwide</span>, <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="report">report</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Journal">Journal</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="Medical">Medical</span> <span word="Association">Association</span>.</p><p> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="incidence">incidence</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="serious">serious</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fatal">fatal</span> <span word="adverse">adverse</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="reactions">reactions</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="US">US</span> <span word="hospital">hospital</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="extremely">extremely</span> <span word="high">high</span>, <span word="say">say</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Toronto">Toronto</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Ontario">Ontario</span>, <span word="Canada">Canada</span>.</p><p> <span word="They">They</span> <span word="carried">carried</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="analysis">analysis</span> <span word="of">of</span> 39 <span word="ADR">ADR</span>-<span word="related">related</span> <span word="studies">studies</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="US">US</span> <span word="hospitals">hospitals</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span> 30 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="defined">defined</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="ADR">ADR</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="harmful">harmful</span>, <span word="unintended">unintended</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="undesired">undesired</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="occurs">occurs</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="doses">doses</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="humans">humans</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="prevention">prevention</span>, <span word="diagnosis">diagnosis</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="therapy">therapy</span>.</p><p> <span word="An">An</span> <span word="average">average</span> 6.7% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="hospitalized">hospitalized</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="experience">experience</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="ADR">ADR</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="year">year</span>, <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="estimate">estimate</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1994, <span word="overall">overall</span> 2,216,000 <span word="hospitalized">hospitalized</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="serious">serious</span> <span word="ADRs">ADRs</span>, <span word="and">and</span> 106,000 <span word="had">had</span> <span word="fatal">fatal</span> <span word="ADRs">ADRs</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="ADRs">ADRs</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="rank">rank</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fourth">fourth</span> <span word="single">single</span> <span word="largest">largest</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="death">death</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="America">America</span>.</p><p> <span word="And">And</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="incidence">incidence</span> <span word="figures">figures</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="probably">probably</span> <span word="conservative">conservative</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="add">add</span>, <span word="since">since</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="ADR">ADR</span> <span word="definition">definition</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="include">include</span> <span word="outcomes">outcomes</span> <span word="linked">linked</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="problems">problems</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="administration">administration</span>, <span word="overdoses">overdoses</span>, <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="abuse">abuse</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="therapeutic">therapeutic</span> <span word="failures">failures</span>.</p><p> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="control">control</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ADRs">ADRs</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="spending">spending</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="money">money</span>. <span word="One">One</span> <span word="US">US</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="estimated">estimated</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="overall">overall</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="treating">treating</span> <span word="ADRs">ADRs</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="to">to</span> $4 <span word="billion">billion</span> <span word="per">per</span> <span word="year">year</span>.</p><p> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="David">David</span> <span word="Bates">Bates</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Brigham">Brigham</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Womens">Womens</span> <span word="Hospital">Hospital</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Boston">Boston</span>, <span word="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</span>, <span word="believes">believes</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="healthcare">healthcare</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="pay">pay</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="attention">attention</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="problem">problem</span>, <span word="especially">especially</span> <span word="since">since</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="ADRs">ADRs</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="easily">easily</span> <span word="preventable">preventable</span>. <span word="When">When</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="patient">patient</span> <span word="develops">develops</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="allergy">allergy</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="sensitivity">sensitivity</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="recorded">recorded</span>, <span word="Bates">Bates</span> <span word="notes">notes</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="patients">patients</span> <span word="receive">receive</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="allergies">allergies</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="sensitivities">sensitivities</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="disturbing">disturbing</span> <span word="frequency">frequency</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="believes">believes</span> <span word="computerized">computerized</span> <span word="surveillance">surveillance</span> <span word="systems">systems</span>---<span word="still">still</span> <span word="works">works</span>-<span word="in">in</span>-<span word="progress">progress</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="nations">nations</span> <span word="hospitals">hospitals</span>---<span word="should">should</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="cut">cut</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="frequency">frequency</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="types">types</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="errors">errors</span>.</p>
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