职称英语考试阅读综合辅导第十一讲
<p> 名词性从句： 什么叫名词性从句? 在英语句子中，主语、宾语和表语是名词，在这三个位置上出现的句子就称为名词性从，即：主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的总称。由于他们的连接原则和连接词的使用基本一致，故放在一起讲解。 如何连接? 名词性从句的连接可以简单地归纳为三句话： 1) 从句不缺成分用<span word="that">that</span> 2) 从句缺少主语、宾语和表语，物用<span word="what">what</span>， 人用<span word="who">who</span> / <span word="whom">whom</span> / <span word="whoever">whoever</span> / <span word="whomever">whomever</span> 3) 其他情况，中文缺什么意思就补所需的带-<span word="wh">wh</span>的词， 第一句话：从句不缺成分用<span word="that">that</span>，例如： <span word="My">My</span> <span word="hope">hope</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="soon">soon</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="again">again</span>. <span word="Everybody">Everybody</span> <span word="hopes">hopes</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="soon">soon</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="again">again</span>. <span word="That">That</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="soon">soon</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="again">again</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="hope">hope</span>. 从上面三个句子可以看出： 1) 名词性从句中的<span word="that">that</span> 只是起连接作用，不充当任何成分，一定要与定语从句中的关系代词<span word="that">that</span>相区别; 2) 除了主语从句居首的情况，是可以省略的，特别是宾语从句中。例3也可以写成：<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="hope">hope</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="soon">soon</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="again">again</span>. 此项内容不是考试重点。 第二句话：从句缺少主语、宾语和表语, 物用<span word="what">what</span>，人用<span word="who">who</span> / <span word="whom">whom</span> / <span word="whoever">whoever</span> / <span word="whomever">whomever</span> 这是名词性从句考试的重点, 特别是<span word="what">what</span>, 这里的关键是否能辨认出句子的成分， 例如： ______ <span word="he">he</span> <span word="needs">needs</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="time">time</span>. 显然，主语从句中：<span word="he">he</span>是主语，而谓语动词<span word="needs">needs</span>缺宾语，因此填<span word="what">what</span> <span word="Tell">Tell</span> <span word="us">us</span> _____ <span word="you">you</span> <span word="saw">saw</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="heard">heard</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="visit">visit</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="university">university</span>. 同样，宾语从句中谓语动词<span word="saw">saw</span>和<span word="heard">heard</span>缺宾语，应填 <span word="what">what</span> <span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> ______ <span word="I">I</span> <span word="want">want</span>. 同样，表语从句中动词缺宾语，应填<span word="what">what</span> ______ <span word="some">some</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="is">is</span> ______ <span word="other">other</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="for">for</span>. 这是一个主语从句 + 表语从句的结构，介词<span word="against">against</span>和 <span word="for">for</span>后面都没有宾语，无疑都应填<span word="what">what</span>：一些人反对的就是其他人赞成的。 应注意的问题： 1) 关于<span word="what">what</span>的疑问性和名词性： <span word="I">I</span> <span word="dont">dont</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="dont">dont</span> <span word="know">know</span>. 这个句子可以有两个译文：我不知道你不知道什么。/ 你不知道的我也不知道。显然，第一个译文中<span word="what">what</span>是疑问性的;第二个译文中<span word="what">what</span>是名词性的，中文往往表达为的. 注意：这种区分并不影响做语法选择题，只影响翻译理解. 例如： <span word="What">What</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="Japan">Japan</span> ______ <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="today">today</span>? 不要急着试图翻译这个句子，先考虑一下从句中缺了什么成分?缺表语，即: <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> 的表语，那就填<span word="what">what</span>, 即：<span word="What">What</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="Japan">Japan</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="today">today</span>? 是什么使日本成为今天这个样子?句中第一个<span word="what">what</span>是疑问性的，第二个<span word="what">what</span>是名词性的。 2) 关于<span word="whoever">whoever</span>和<span word="whomever">whomever</span>的用法： 上面讲到，<span word="what">what</span>具有疑问性和名词性。同样，讲到人谁时, 也有疑问性和名词性之分。现代语法规定，疑问性 谁?用<span word="who">who</span> / <span word="whom">whom</span>，名词性谁 = 那个人用<span word="whoever">whoever</span>/ <span word="whomever">whomever</span>. , 例如： 谁迟到就开除谁。该句中的谁不是问哪个人迟到了?，而是说迟到的那个人，显然是名词性的，应译为：<span word="Whoever">Whoever</span> <span word="comes">comes</span> <span word="late">late</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="fired">fired</span>. 这也是目前语法考试的一个重点。 3) 用<span word="who">who</span> 还是<span word="whom">whom</span>? <span word="We">We</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="talking">talking</span> <span word="about">about</span> ______ <span word="will">will</span> <span word="attend">attend</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span>. 在个句子中，尽管空格______的位置在介词<span word="about">about</span> 后面，属介词宾语的一部分，但它在从句中做主语，因此还是应该填<span word="who">who</span> 而不是填<span word="whom">whom</span>;此原则同样适用于<span word="whoever">whoever</span>与 <span word="whomever">whomever</span>之间的选择。 第三句话：其他情况，中文缺什么意思就补所需的带-<span word="wh">wh</span>的词，例如： <span word="I">I</span> <span word="wonder">wonder</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="bad">bad</span> <span word="weather">weather</span>. 名词性从句有两个两个重点：<span word="what">what</span> 和<span word="whoever">whoever</span></p>
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