职称英语考试阅读综合辅导第三讲
<p> 如何回答细节性问题 在一篇文章中作者为了阐述文章的主旨大意，往往要提出一些具体的内容，用来说明、界定、证明或分析文章的主题，这些具体的内容就是文章的细节。一个细节就是一条信息或一种事实，它可以是一个短语，也可以是一句话或几句话。细节性问题就是针对文章中的具体内容而提出的问题，目的在于考查考生对文章内容的理解程度。在职称考试的阅读理解试题中，大多数考题是针对这些细节性问题而设计的。因此，我们在阅读中不仅要抓住文章的主旨大意，还要在掌握文章主题思想的基础上，抓住阐述和发展主题思想的主要事实或有关细节，领会文章的内在联系。 阅读时，我们为了能更好地理解文章的细节应该做到以下3点： 1. 首先要找出文章的中心思想。知道了中心思想，就很容易辨别出那些说明中心思想的事实细节。 2. 当文章中细节较多时，只记那些重要的细节，并用笔做上记号， 以备解题时查阅。 3. 当你感到所读的细节与主题在逻辑上没有任何关系时，这说明主题没有找准或这不是重要的细节。 例如： <span word="Children">Children</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="curious">curious</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="nature">nature</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="smell">smell</span>, <span word="touch">touch</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="taste">taste</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="while">while</span> <span word="exploring">exploring</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="environments">environments</span>. <span word="Your">Your</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="contains">contains</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="products">products</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="beneficial">beneficial</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="properly">properly</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="dangerous">dangerous</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="fatal">fatal</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="children">children</span>. <span word="Children">Children</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="unaware">unaware</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="dangers">dangers</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="products">products</span>. <span word="French">French</span> <span word="psychologist">psychologist</span> <span word="Alfred">Alfred</span> <span word="Binet">Binet</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="asked">asked</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="French">French</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="develop">develop</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="test">test</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="school">school</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="intelligent">intelligent</span> <span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="profit">profit</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="regular">regular</span> <span word="schooling">schooling</span>. <span word="Binet">Binet</span> <span word="thought">thought</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="intelligence">intelligence</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="measured">measured</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="tests">tests</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="required">required</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> <span word="solving">solving</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="reasoning">reasoning</span>. <span word="Binet">Binet</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="deal">deal</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="various">various</span> <span word="ages">ages</span>. <span word="As">As</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="work">work</span>, <span word="Binet">Binet</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="concept">concept</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="IQ">IQ</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="intelligence">intelligence</span> <span word="quotient">quotient</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="basis">basis</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="intelligence">intelligence</span> <span word="testing">testing</span>. 上面两个段落中斜体字部分均为该段落中的最重要的细节。 细节性问题的命题方式主要的有： 1. <span word="According">According</span> 题型 此题型为最基本题型，在阅读理解的考题中占的比重比较大。该题型的特点是由<span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="passage">passage</span>, 或 <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="author">author</span> / <span word="the">the</span> <span word="writer">writer</span>引出，考察考生对具体内容的掌握程度。有时问题中虽然没有<span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span>，但仍然是要求考生依据文章的内容来回答问题，陈述或确认某些时间、地点、事件等细节性问题，所以仍属于这类题型。这种题型的典型提问方式为： <span word="According">According</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="passage">passage</span> / <span word="article">article</span>, <span word="who">who</span> ? <span word="The">The</span> <span word="passage">passage</span> <span word="states">states</span> <span word="that">that</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="author">author</span> <span word="holds">holds</span> <span word="that">that</span>. 这类问题中常使用<span word="what">what</span>, <span word="where">where</span>, <span word="which">which</span>, <span word="why">why</span>, <span word="how">how</span>, <span word="because">because</span>, <span word="reason">reason</span>, <span word="purpose">purpose</span>, <span word="cause">cause</span> 等疑问词和单词。对这类提问方式，考生一定要抓住提问中的关键字眼，就可以在短文中找到答案。 2. 是非题型 是非题型分为两种： 一种是三错一对问题所给的四个选项中，有三个不符合文章的内容，是错的，只有一个是与原文内容相符，是正确答案。这种问题的典型提问方式是： <span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="true">true</span>? 另一种是三对一错即题目所给的四个选项中有三个符合文章内容只有一个是错的，不符合文章的内容。题目便是要求考生选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。这种题型的典型提问方式为： <span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="true">true</span>? <span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="mentioned">mentioned</span>? <span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="true">true</span> <span word="except">except</span> <span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="mentioned">mentioned</span> <span word="except">except</span> .? <span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="false">false</span>? <span word="incorrect">incorrect</span>? <span word="unusual">unusual</span>? <span word="not">not</span> <span word="included">included</span>? 细节性问题的解题技巧 由于细节性问题是针对文章中的某些事实提问，要回答<span word="who">who</span> ,<span word="what">what</span>, <span word="when">when</span>, <span word="where">where</span>, <span word="why">why</span>, <span word="how">how</span> , <span word="why">why</span> 以及某些事实文章中是否提到，是否属实等，因此回答这类问题一般都可以从文章中直接或间接地找到答案。具体的方法是： 对号入座法。利用细节性问题中所给出的关键词返回原文，找到相关的词或对应的句子，仔细阅读，从中找出答案。但需要注意的是，这些问题的提问往往不是采用文章中的原话，而是使用同义词语来提问的，所以一定要认真审题。虽然细节题在文章中能够找到答案，但正确选项不可能与阅读材料的原句一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的思想。如用同义词替换，词类转换，肯定否定互换等，但万变不离其宗，即意思没有变。命题人命题时就是利用这种手法来检验读者是否真正理解了原文的含义。 排除法。对于是非题中三错一对或三对一错的题，我们经常要用到排除法。考生要再仔细阅读文章，排除短文中的三个未提及的细节，或排除短文中三个已知信息。剩下的选项就是答案。</p>
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