职称英语考试阅读综合辅导第五讲
<p> 五个基本句型： 根据动词的特性，构成英语中五个基本句型： 1) 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 2) 主语 + 不及物动词 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 2) 主语 + 不及物动词 3) 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 4) 主语 + 及物动词 + 双宾语 5) 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 我们在学习5个基本句型时，主要关心每个句型中的出题点在哪里。 第一句型：主语 + 系动词 + 表语 1) 系动词一般为<span word="be">be</span> 动词。 注意：<span word="look">look</span>, <span word="feel">feel</span>, <span word="sound">sound</span>, <span word="smell">smell</span>, <span word="taste">taste</span>, <span word="get">get</span>, <span word="become">become</span>, <span word="come">come</span>, <span word="go">go</span>, <span word="turn">turn</span>, <span word="grow">grow</span>, <span word="keep">keep</span>, <span word="seem">seem</span>, <span word="stand">stand</span>等词可以作半系动词用，按行为动词方式变化，起系动词的作用。 试验比较： <span word="He">He</span> <span word="felt">felt</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pockets">pockets</span> <span word="thoroughly">thoroughly</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="single">single</span> <span word="penny">penny</span>. <span word="You">You</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="pale">pale</span>. <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="feel">feel</span> <span word="unwell">unwell</span>? 一般来说，动词后面跟的是个形容词或名词，该动词为系动词， 如：<span word="The">The</span> <span word="plan">plan</span> <span word="sounds">sounds</span> <span word="perfect">perfect</span>. / <span word="The">The</span> <span word="flower">flower</span> <span word="smells">smells</span> <span word="nice">nice</span>. / <span word="The">The</span> <span word="dish">dish</span> <span word="tastes">tastes</span> <span word="delicious">delicious</span>. / <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="getting">getting</span> <span word="dark">dark</span>. 实例： <span word="Dont">Dont</span> <span word="worry">worry</span>. <span word="Let">Let</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="pulse">pulse</span> <span word="first">first</span>. <span word="Oh">Oh</span>, <span word="it">it</span> ______ <span word="normal">normal</span>. <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="is">is</span> <span word="felt">felt</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="is">is</span> <span word="feeling">feeling</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="feels">feels</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="felt">felt</span> 解题思路：<span word="normal">normal</span>为形容词，前面应为系动词;系动词没有被动语态，故<span word="A">A</span>不对; <span word="look">look</span>, <span word="feel">feel</span>, <span word="sound">sound</span>, <span word="taste">taste</span>, <span word="smell">smell</span>, <span word="seem">seem</span>等半系动词一般不用进行时，<span word="B">B</span>也不对;<span word="D">D</span>时态错了，故正确答案为<span word="C">C</span>. 2)<span word="there">there</span> <span word="be">be</span>是英语中非常重要的一个句型： <span word="there">there</span>是引导词，不解释 那里 这是个倒装句, 主语在<span word="be">be</span>动词的后面, <span word="be">be</span>动词的单复数由后面的主语决定。 注意中国学生容易搞错的问题： <span word="There">There</span> <span word="isnt">isnt</span> <span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="furniture">furniture</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="room">room</span>. 错：<span word="There">There</span> <span word="hasnt">hasnt</span> <span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="furniture">furniture</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="room">room</span>. <span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="doubt">doubt</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="smallpox">smallpox</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="wiped">wiped</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="China">China</span>. 错：<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="doubt">doubt</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="smallpox">smallpox</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="wiped">wiped</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="China">China</span>. <span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="ample">ample</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="AIDS">AIDS</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="spreading">spreading</span> <span word="quickly">quickly</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Asia">Asia</span>. 错：<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="AIDS">AIDS</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="spreading">spreading</span> <span word="quickly">quickly</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Asia">Asia</span>. 第二句型：主语 + 不及物动词 在这个句型中主要注意及物动词与不及物动词的区分： 不及物动词 及物动词 <span word="rise">rise</span> /<span word="rose">rose</span> / <span word="risen">risen</span> <span word="raise">raise</span> /<span word="raised">raised</span> / <span word="raised">raised</span> <span word="arise">arise</span> / <span word="arose">arose</span> / <span word="arisen">arisen</span> <span word="arouse">arouse</span> / <span word="aroused">aroused</span> / <span word="aroused">aroused</span> <span word="lie">lie</span> / <span word="lay">lay</span> / <span word="lain">lain</span> <span word="lay">lay</span> / <span word="laid">laid</span> / <span word="laid">laid</span> <span word="arrive">arrive</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="reach">reach</span> <span word="wait">wait</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="await">await</span> <span word="remain">remain</span> <span word="maintain">maintain</span> 上面所注仅为典型词义，要根据句子判别其他意思。 此外，该句型常采用倒装形式，注意辨别，主要是以下两种情况： 1) 用<span word="here">here</span> 或 <span word="there">there</span>引导：<span word="Here">Here</span> <span word="comes">comes</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bus">bus</span>. / <span word="There">There</span> <span word="rings">rings</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bell">bell</span>. 2) 在动词 + 介词短语的结构中，往往将介词短语提前：<span word="On">On</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="top">top</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hill">hill</span> <span word="stands">stands</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pretty">pretty</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="house">house</span>. 第三句型：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 我们知道，名词可以做主语和宾语，非谓语动词 -<span word="ing">ing</span>和 <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span>也可以做主语和宾语， 作主语： <span word="Learning">Learning</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="foreign">foreign</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="easy">easy</span>. <span word="To">To</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="foreign">foreign</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="easy">easy</span>. 从语法角度讲，上述两个表达方式都可以。 但是，当动词处于宾语位置时，就不能这样随心所欲了，因为英语语法有以下几个规定： 1)<span word="acknowledge">acknowledge</span> / <span word="admit">admit</span> / <span word="appreciate">appreciate</span> / <span word="avoid">avoid</span> / <span word="consider">consider</span> / <span word="contemplate">contemplate</span> / <span word="defer">defer</span> / <span word="deny">deny</span> / <span word="dislike">dislike</span> / <span word="enjoy">enjoy</span> / <span word="escape">escape</span> / <span word="evade">evade</span> / <span word="excuse">excuse</span> / <span word="facilitate">facilitate</span> / <span word="fancy">fancy</span> / <span word="favor">favor</span> / <span word="feel">feel</span> <span word="like">like</span> / <span word="finish">finish</span> / <span word="give">give</span> <span word="up">up</span> / <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="help">help</span> / <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="stand">stand</span> / <span word="imagine">imagine</span> / <span word="include">include</span> / <span word="keep">keep</span> / <span word="do">do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="mind">mind</span> / <span word="miss">miss</span> / <span word="permit">permit</span> / <span word="practice">practice</span> / <span word="regret">regret</span> / <span word="resent">resent</span> / <span word="risk">risk</span> / <span word="suggest">suggest</span> 等词后面的动词宾语必须用-<span word="ing">ing</span> 形式，重点和首先要掌握黑体字部分。由于这些次的词义与解题关系不大，没有给出具体词义解释。若需要，请学生自己解决。 这是语法考试的一个重点，要对以上词特别敏感，例如： <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="impossible">impossible</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="avoid">avoid</span> ______ <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="stormy">stormy</span> <span word="weather">weather</span>. <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="being">being</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="affected">affected</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="having">having</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="affected">affected</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="affected">affected</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="affected">affected</span> 解题思路：1)一看到<span word="avoid">avoid</span>一词，便可确定正确答案在<span word="A">A</span>、<span word="B">B</span>中; 2)<span word="affect">affect</span>意为影响，及物动词，故<span word="B">B</span>不对。[如果做题时间来不及，此类题目若有主动语态和被动语态之分，一般选被动语态的正确率高些。] 2) <span word="remember">remember</span> / <span word="forget">forget</span>：后面既可跟 -<span word="ing">ing</span>, 也可跟 <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span>，但意思不一样：<span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span>表示说话时还没有发生的事，-<span word="ing">ing</span>表示对已经发生过事的回忆，如：我昨天出门时忘了关窗了。显然是指出门时还没有做的事，因此用<span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span>形式;我不记得以前见过你。显然是指说话以前的事，因此用 -<span word="ing">ing</span>形式，即： <span word="I">I</span> <span word="forgot">forgot</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="close">close</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="windows">windows</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="left">left</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span>. <span word="I">I</span> <span word="dont">dont</span> <span word="remember">remember</span> <span word="seeing">seeing</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="before">before</span>. 因此，除了知道这个规定外，分清发生过还是没有发生是解题的关键。 实例： <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="remember">remember</span> ______ <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Professor">Professor</span> <span word="Smith">Smith</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="visit">visit</span>? <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="introduced">introduced</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="having">having</span> <span word="introduced">introduced</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="being">being</span> <span word="introduced">introduced</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="introduced">introduced</span> 解题思路：1)第一步要确定发生过还是没有发生，即<span word="A">A</span>、<span word="D">D</span>还是<span word="B">B</span>、<span word="C">C</span>，你记得上次访问时被介绍给<span word="Smith">Smith</span>教授的情况吗?显然是已发生的事，选 <span word="B">B</span>、<span word="C">C</span>;2)<span word="introduce">introduce</span>后没有宾语，说明是被动语态：，故选<span word="C">C</span> [再看一下上一节中的 解题思路] 3)<span word="need">need</span> / <span word="want">want</span> / <span word="require">require</span>等解释为需要时，有两种表达方式，如： 这间会客室需要打扫一下 <span word="A">A</span>.<span word="This">This</span> <span word="waiting">waiting</span> <span word="room">room</span> <span word="needs">needs</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="cleaned">cleaned</span>. <span word="B">B</span>.<span word="This">This</span> <span word="waiting">waiting</span> <span word="room">room</span> <span word="needs">needs</span> <span word="cleaning">cleaning</span>. 考试时若同时出现两种选择，选<span word="B">B</span> 4)<span word="look">look</span> <span word="forward">forward</span> <span word="to">to</span> / <span word="object">object</span> <span word="to">to</span> / <span word="subject">subject</span> <span word="to">to</span> / <span word="be">be</span> <span word="subjected">subjected</span> <span word="to">to</span> / <span word="be">be</span> <span word="opposed">opposed</span> <span word="to">to</span> / <span word="oppose">oppose</span> <span word="to">to</span>中的 <span word="to">to</span> 是介词，后面应跟名词或动名词-<span word="ing">ing</span> </p>
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