职称英语考试阅读综合辅导第十四讲
<p> 虚拟语气可以粗略地分为两大类： 第一类：<span word="should">should</span> 型虚拟式 第二类：<span word="were">were</span> 型虚拟式 1.<span word="should">should</span> 型虚拟式：<span word="should">should</span> + 原形动词（往往省去<span word="should">should</span>, 特别是在考试时） 这类虚拟式最多用在以下词或句型中： （1） <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="necessary">necessary</span> <span word="that">that</span>的主语从句中，如： <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="necessary">necessary</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="chief">chief</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="present">present</span> <span word="personally">personally</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span>.（主任有必要亲自参加这次会议。） 只要看到<span word="necessary">necessary</span>，马上要想到这是<span word="should">should</span>型虚拟式。 记住下面构成<span word="should">should</span>型虚拟式的词： <span word="essential">essential</span> （必要的） / <span word="important">important</span>（重要的） / <span word="necessary">necessary</span>（必要的） / <span word="imperative">imperative</span>（迫切的）/ <span word="impossible">impossible</span>（不可能的）/ <span word="natural">natural</span>（自然的）/ <span word="preferable">preferable</span>（更好的）/ <span word="advisable">advisable</span>（合理的）/ <span word="desirable">desirable</span>（理想的）/ <span word="urgent">urgent</span>（紧迫的）/ <span word="incredible">incredible</span>（难以想象的） （2） <span word="order">order</span> （命令） / <span word="recommend">recommend</span>（推荐）/ <span word="suggest">suggest</span>（建议）/ <span word="demand">demand</span>（要求） / <span word="command">command</span>（命令）/ <span word="propose">propose</span>（建议）/ <span word="require">require</span>（要求）/ <span word="request">request</span>（请求） / <span word="insist">insist</span>（坚持认为）/ <span word="urge">urge</span>（主张） / <span word="advise">advise</span>（劝告）/ <span word="ask">ask</span>（要求）/ <span word="prefer">prefer</span>（宁愿）/ <span word="desire">desire</span>（愿望）/ <span word="move">move</span>（提议）/ <span word="vote">vote</span>（提议） 由这些词构成的宾语从句，主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句或其他有关句型时，都要使用<span word="should">should</span>型虚拟式，例如： <span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="ordered">ordered</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="medicines">medicines</span> （<span word="should">should</span>） <span word="be">be</span> <span word="sent">sent</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="plane">plane</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="once">once</span>. （主语从句） <span word="The">The</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="medicines">medicines</span> （<span word="should">should</span>） <span word="be">be</span> <span word="sent">sent</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="plane">plane</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="once">once</span>.（表语从句） <span word="The">The</span> <span word="chief">chief</span> <span word="ordered">ordered</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="medicines">medicines</span> （<span word="should">should</span>） <span word="be">be</span> <span word="sent">sent</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="plane">plane</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="once">once</span>.（宾语从句） <span word="The">The</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="medicines">medicines</span> （<span word="should">should</span>） <span word="be">be</span> <span word="sent">sent</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="plane">plane</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="once">once</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="sent">sent</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="branch">branch</span> <span word="office">office</span>.（同位语从句） （3） 在 <span word="in">in</span> <span word="case">case</span> / <span word="lest">lest</span> = <span word="for">for</span> <span word="fear">fear</span> <span word="that">that</span>（以免 / 以防） 结构中，例如： <span word="He">He</span> <span word="took">took</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="raincoat">raincoat</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="case">case</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="rain">rain</span> （或用真实语气：<span word="in">in</span> <span word="case">case</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="rained">rained</span>） <span word="She">She</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wool">wool</span> <span word="blanket">blanket</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="child">child</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="fear">fear</span> <span word="that">that</span> （<span word="lest">lest</span>） <span word="he">he</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="catch">catch</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="cold">cold</span>. （她把一条毛毯盖在孩子身上，以防他感冒。） 可见，此类虚拟语气比较容易接受，考试时只要认准了上面的那些字一般就不难作出准确选择。 就解题而言，考生要注意：1）<span word="A">A</span>的位置往往安排干扰项，如使用<span word="must">must</span>, <span word="may">may</span>, <span word="might">might</span>, <span word="could">could</span>等类词进行干扰；2）句中往往省去<span word="should">should</span>, 直接用否定词<span word="not">not</span> + 原形动词的形式，以迷惑考生，例如： <span word="The">The</span> <span word="housemaster">housemaster</span>（男舍监）<span word="was">was</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="strict">strict</span>.<span word="He">He</span> <span word="asked">asked</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="we">we</span> ______ <span word="television">television</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="week">week</span> <span word="nights">nights</span>. <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="must">must</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="watch">watch</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="not">not</span> <span word="watch">watch</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="should">should</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="watched">watched</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="not">not</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="watching">watching</span> 该题中的<span word="ask">ask</span>意为要求，故是个<span word="should">should</span>型虚拟式, 正确答案为<span word="B">B</span>. （4）在<span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="surprising">surprising</span>, <span word="disappointing">disappointing</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pity">pity</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="shame">shame</span>, <span word="no">no</span> <span word="wonder">wonder</span>, <span word="simply">simply</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="miracle">miracle</span> + 从句的结构中，表示惊讶、高兴或遗憾，例如： <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="surprising">surprising</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="miserable">miserable</span>. （真是奇怪，她竟看上去如此不高兴。） <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="pity">pity</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="miss">miss</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="film">film</span>. （你要是错过了这样好的电影那真是遗憾。） 2.<span word="were">were</span>型虚拟式： 所谓<span word="were">were</span>型虚拟式，就是借用行为动词过去时的某个形式以及<span word="be">be</span>动词的<span word="were">were</span>这个形式来表达某种虚拟的语气。 由于<span word="were">were</span>型虚拟式主要用在<span word="if">if</span>非真实条件句中，而且它是其他<span word="were">were</span>型虚拟式句型的基础，所以我们先要搞清楚<span word="if">if</span>非真实条件句。 （1） <span word="if">if</span>非真实条件句: 条件句分为真实条件句和非真实条件句： 真实条件句是指真实的或可以实现的条件句，例如：<span word="If">If</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="together">together</span>, <span word="we">we</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="sure">sure</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="finish">finish</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="task">task</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="time">time</span>. （如果我们大家一起努力，就一定能按时完成任务）， 动词使用的是真实的时态和形式。 非真实条件句是指对已经发生过的事情，或对不可能发生或实现的事进行假设，例如：如果当时有医生在，这个孩子就有可能得救了，显然，这是对已发生的事情的一种假设，该句的英语表达为：<span word="If">If</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="doctor">doctor</span> <span word="available">available</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="child">child</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="saved">saved</span>. 为了便于理解和记忆，我们用表格形式加以归纳： 时间 动词形式 举例 过去 <span word="if">if</span>条件句：<span word="had">had</span> <span word="done">done</span> / <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> 结果句：<span word="would">would</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="done">done</span> / <span word="beenIf">beenIf</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="doctor">doctor</span> <span word="available">available</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="child">child</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="saved">saved</span>. 倒装：<span word="Had">Had</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="doctor">doctor</span> <span word="available">available</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="child">child</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="saved">saved</span> 现在 <span word="if">if</span>条件句：<span word="did">did</span> / <span word="be">be</span>动词用<span word="were">were</span> 结果句： <span word="would">would</span> <span word="do">do</span> （<span word="be">be</span>）<span word="If">If</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="you">you</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="accept">accept</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="offer">offer</span>. （如果我是你的话，我就接受他的提议。） 倒装：<span word="Were">Were</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="you">you</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="accept">accept</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="offer">offer</span>. <span word="If">If</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="knew">knew</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fact">fact</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="tell">tell</span> <span word="you">you</span>. （我要是知道，我就会告诉你） 不可以倒装 将来 <span word="if">if</span>条件句： <span word="should">should</span> <span word="do">do</span> （<span word="be">be</span>） / <span word="were">were</span> <span word="to">to</span> 结果句：<span word="would">would</span> <span word="do">do</span> （<span word="be">be</span>）<span word="If">If</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="rain">rain</span> <span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>, <span word="we">we</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="stay">stay</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="home">home</span>. （一旦明天下雨，我们就呆在家里。） 倒装：<span word="Should">Should</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="rain">rain</span> <span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>, <span word="we">we</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="stay">stay</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="home">home</span>. <span word="If">If</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="evening">evening</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="ask">ask</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="solve">solve</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="problem">problem</span>. （要是他晚上会来，我就请他帮助解决这个问题。） 倒装：<span word="Were">Were</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="evening">evening</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="ask">ask</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="solve">solve</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="problem">problem</span>. 这里关键是要掌握好两点： （<span word="A">A</span>） 虚拟行为或状态发生的时间：过去？现在？还是将来？ （<span word="B">B</span>） 采用了什么相应的动词形式？ 补充说明： （<span word="A">A</span>） 当 <span word="if">if</span> 省略后，要采用倒装形式，如举例所示； （<span word="B">B</span>） 如果所说的条件是永远不可逆转的。如如果我是你的话（我永远不可能变为你），即使是对过去的假设，也用现在虚拟式表示，例如： <span word="If">If</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="you">you</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="taken">taken</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="advice">advice</span>. （要是换了我，我就采纳他的意见了。） （<span word="C">C</span>） 结果句中的<span word="would">would</span> 可以根据内容需要，使用<span word="might">might</span>, <span word="could">could</span>或<span word="should">should</span>，例如：<span word="If">If</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="there">there</span>, <span word="she">she</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="come">come</span>.（要是她知道你在哪儿，她或许会来的。）但是将来虚拟式条件句中的<span word="should">should</span>是将来时的标志词，不能用<span word="would">would</span>代替，不要搞错了。 （<span word="D">D</span>） 关于含蓄虚拟式：含蓄虚拟式是指虚拟的条件用一种比较含蓄的方式加以表达的虚拟语气，如：我昨天很忙，要不就来参加你的生日派对了.其中的我很忙是真实情况，要不就来参加你的生日派对了则是虚拟的：<span word="I">I</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="busy">busy</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="birthday">birthday</span> <span word="party">party</span>. 所以，注意句子中出现的：<span word="but">but</span>, <span word="or">or</span>（否则）, <span word="otherwise">otherwise</span>（否则）, <span word="without">without</span>（要不是）,<span word="with">with</span>（要是有），<span word="but">but</span> <span word="that">that</span>（要不是）, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="for">for</span>（要不是）, <span word="if">if</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="for">for</span> / 过去：<span word="if">if</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="for">for</span>（要不是 ） 等用来引出含蓄虚拟式的词或短语，例如：<span word="But">But</span> <span word="for">for</span> （或<span word="without">without</span>） <span word="your">your</span> <span word="cooperation">cooperation</span>, <span word="we">we</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="completed">completed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="experiment">experiment</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="smoothly">smoothly</span>.（要不是你们的合作，我们不可能那样顺利地完成这个实验。） （2） <span word="were">were</span>型虚拟式的其他用法 （同样要遵守过去、现在、将来的虚拟规则）： <span word="wish">wish</span>宾语从句： <span word="I">I</span> <span word="wish">wish</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="fuss">fuss</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="it">it</span>.（真希望他不要把那事搞大了。- 过去） <span word="I">I</span> <span word="wish">wish</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="doctor">doctor</span>. （我希望我是个医生就好了。- 现在） （注：这个句型中也可以用<span word="I">I</span> <span word="wish">wish</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="doctor">doctor</span>.） <span word="I">I</span> <span word="wish">wish</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rain">rain</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="stop">stop</span>. （真希望雨能停下来。将来） <span word="If">If</span> <span word="only">only</span>（要是就好了） <span word="If">If</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="hadnt">hadnt</span> <span word="offended">offended</span> <span word="him">him</span>. （你当时不惹他就好了。- 过去） <span word="If">If</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="hand">hand</span> <span word="now">now</span>. （我现在手头有些钱就好了。-现在） <span word="If">If</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>. （他明天能来有多好啊。-将来） <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> （<span word="about">about</span> / <span word="high">high</span>） <span word="time">time</span> <span word="that">that</span>.（是的时候了） 由于该句型只能用在现在时间，所以从句的动词只能是过去时形式，例如： <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="time">time</span> （<span word="that">that</span>） <span word="we">we</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="work">work</span>. （咱们该开始工作了。） <span word="As">As</span> <span word="if">if</span> （<span word="though">though</span>）（似乎） 这个句型可以是陈述语气，也可以是虚拟语气。虚拟语气的时态变化原则与<span word="wish">wish</span>用法相同，例如： <span word="She">She</span> <span word="loves">loves</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="kindergarten">kindergarten</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="own">own</span>. （她象自己孩子一样热爱幼儿园的孩子门。 - 现在） <span word="He">He</span> <span word="talked">talked</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="China">China</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="there">there</span>. （他谈起中国来好象去过那里。） <span word="It">It</span> <span word="looks">looks</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="rain">rain</span>.（看来天要下雨。- 陈述语气） <span word="Would">Would</span> （<span word="had">had</span>） <span word="rather">rather</span>, <span word="would">would</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="soon">soon</span>, <span word="would">would</span> <span word="sooner">sooner</span>, <span word="would">would</span> <span word="prefer">prefer</span> + 从句结构 这几个句型都表示一种婉转的责备，中文常有还不如，宁可倒希望等意思，例如： <span word="Id">Id</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="stayed">stayed</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bad">bad</span> <span word="health">health</span> <span word="condition">condition</span>. （她身体这么差，我倒希望你呆在家里。- 现在） <span word="I">I</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="soon">soon</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="returned">returned</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span>. （你还不如昨天就把钱还给他了。- 过去） <span word="I">I</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="prefer">prefer</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="didnt">didnt</span> <span word="stay">stay</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="long">long</span>. （我倒不希望他不要在那儿呆得时间太长。） 比较： <span word="I">I</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="prefer">prefer</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="act">act</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="lady">lady</span>. （我倒认为她演哪个年轻女子比较合适。- 表示建议，用 <span word="should">should</span>型虚拟式） 做虚拟语气的题目，归纳起来就是两句话： 一是，看清是什么形式的虚拟式，<span word="should">should</span>型还是 <span word="were">were</span>型？ 二是，如果是<span word="were">were</span>型虚拟式，看清句中所给的时态：过去、现在、将来？ 这里的关键是：要对构成虚拟语气的词、词组和句型比较敏感。</p>
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