职称英语考试阅读综合辅导第十五讲
<p> 情态动词的完成式： <span word="can">can</span> / <span word="may">may</span> / <span word="should">should</span> / <span word="ought">ought</span> <span word="to">to</span> / <span word="must">must</span> / <span word="need">need</span>等动词称为情态动词。情态动词有三大特征：一是无人称和数的变化，二是后面跟的动词不带<span word="to">to</span>，三是后面 + <span word="not">not</span>构成否定式，比较： <span word="He">He</span> <span word="neednt">neednt</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="early">early</span>. （他不需要去那么早。- 情态动词） <span word="You">You</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="expert">expert</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="simple">simple</span> <span word="design">design</span>. （这么简单的设计不一定非要专家来做。- 动作动词） 在讲解情态动词完成式前，先将一般式中应注意的几个问题提一下，以引起必要的重视。 １.情态动词一般式中应注意的几个问题： 注意以下用法的习惯与区别： <span word="He">He</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="doctor">doctor</span>. （他准是个医生。） 否定：<span word="He">He</span> <span word="cant">cant</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="doctor">doctor</span>. （他不会是个医生。- 注意：一般不用<span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> ） 又如：<span word="They">They</span> <span word="cant">cant</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="now">now</span>.（现在他们不可能在工作。） <span word="May">May</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="now">now</span>? 回答：<span word="Yes">Yes</span>, <span word="please">please</span>. / <span word="Please">Please</span> <span word="dont">dont</span>. （或：<span word="No">No</span>, <span word="you">you</span> <span word="mustnt">mustnt</span>） <span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span> 与 <span word="must">must</span> 1） 当强调外界原因时，2） 当与将来时结合时，用<span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span>， 例如： <span word="Since">Since</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="raining">raining</span>, <span word="we">we</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="sty">sty</span> <span word="indoors">indoors</span>. <span word="You">You</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="hurry">hurry</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="catch">catch</span> <span word="the">the</span> 9:30 <span word="train">train</span>. （你要是赶9:30的火车，得赶紧。） 3） 表示自然规律或必然结果，用<span word="must">must</span>， 例如： <span word="All">All</span> <span word="men">men</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="die">die</span>. （ 人固有一死。） <span word="can">can</span> 与<span word="be">be</span> <span word="able">able</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="can">can</span>表示能力，但不一定做了或做成了；<span word="be">be</span> <span word="able">able</span> <span word="to">to</span> 表示有能力并且做成了，相当于<span word="succeed">succeed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="doing">doing</span>, 例如： <span word="The">The</span> <span word="patient">patient</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="able">able</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="walk">walk</span> <span word="now">now</span>. （说明病人原来是丧失了走的能力的，现在自己能走了） <span word="The">The</span> <span word="patient">patient</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="walk">walk</span> <span word="now">now</span>. （可能的情况是，病人是能走的，但医生不让他走，如急性心梗后医生不让病人走动。） <span word="Shall">Shall</span> <span word="I">I</span> / <span word="we">we</span>（第一人称）? 表示征求对方意见；（第二、三人称） + <span word="shall">shall</span>表示允诺或警告，例如： <span word="Shall">Shall</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="fetch">fetch</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="doctor">doctor</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="you">you</span>? （要我为你请个医生来吗？） <span word="You">You</span> <span word="shall">shall</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="sorry">sorry</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="done">done</span>. （你会为你所做的事后悔的。） <span word="Will">Will</span> <span word="you">you</span>.? 表示请求， 例如： <span word="Don">Don</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="late">late</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span> <span word="next">next</span> <span word="time">time</span>, <span word="will">will</span> <span word="you">you</span>? （下次开会别迟到了，好吗？） 比较：<span word="I">I</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="remind">remind</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="smoking">smoking</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="forbidden">forbidden</span> <span word="here">here</span>. （表示婉转的建议或请求：我想提醒你，这里不能抽烟。） <span word="neednt">neednt</span> 的肯定式为<span word="must">must</span>，例如： <span word="You">You</span> <span word="neednt">neednt</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="him">him</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="must">must</span>. （你不必去看他，但我得去。） <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="but">but</span> + 原形动词 （意思相当于<span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span>）， 例如： <span word="I">I</span> <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="tell">tell</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="truth">truth</span>. （我不得不给你说实话。） 2．情态动词的完成式： 情态动词的一般式用于表达现在或将来的情况，而情态动词的完成式则用来表达已经发生的事情，例如：你不应该来得那么晚。这是对已经发生的事情（你来晚了）表示自己的看法：<span word="You">You</span> <span word="shouldnt">shouldnt</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="late">late</span>. 将常用、常考的几个情态动词完成式列表说明如下： <span word="must">must</span> （<span word="not">not</span>） <span word="have">have</span> <span word="done">done</span>表示对已发生的事情的判断，中文常表达为：准是<span word="It">It</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="rained">rained</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="night">night</span>; <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ground">ground</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="wet">wet</span>.（昨晚准是下雨了，地上湿漉漉的。）<span word="should">should</span> （<span word="not">not</span>） <span word="have">have</span> <span word="done">done</span> / <span word="ought">ought</span> （<span word="not">not</span>） <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="done">done</span>表示事与愿违，中文常表达为：（不）该，本（不）该<span word="The">The</span> <span word="baby">baby</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="cut">cut</span> <span word="badly">badly</span>; <span word="she">she</span> <span word="shouldnt">shouldnt</span> （<span word="oughtnt">oughtnt</span> <span word="to">to</span>） <span word="have">have</span> <span word="let">let</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="play">play</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="scissors">scissors</span>. （孩子伤得很厉害；她不该让他玩剪刀。）<span word="may">may</span> / <span word="can">can</span> （<span word="not">not</span>） <span word="have">have</span> <span word="done">done</span>表示本（不）可能<span word="She">She</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="news">news</span>; <span word="she">she</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="crying">crying</span>. （她可能已经知道那个消息了；她在哭。）<span word="need">need</span> （<span word="not">not</span>） <span word="have">have</span> <span word="done">done</span>表示本（不）需要<span word="You">You</span> <span word="neednt">neednt</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="bought">bought</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="dictionary">dictionary</span>; <span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="spare">spare</span> <span word="one">one</span>. （你实际上没有必要买那本字典；我有一本多余的。） 由于在没有情景的情况下很难区分情态动词一般式和完成式，例如你不该去，究竟是<span word="You">You</span> <span word="shouldnt">shouldnt</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="there">there</span>. 还是 <span word="You">You</span> <span word="shouldnt">shouldnt</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="gone">gone</span> <span word="there">there</span>, 因此考试的时候往往会给出情景，这对判题非常重要，如上面表格例子中的<span word="the">the</span> <span word="ground">ground</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="wet">wet</span>，<span word="the">the</span> <span word="baby">baby</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="cut">cut</span> <span word="badly">badly</span>，<span word="she">she</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="crying">crying</span>, 都是题目所给的情景。</p>
页:
[1]