职称英语考试阅读综合辅导第十二讲
<p> 一． 基本概念： 顾名思义，不担任谓语成分而担任其他语法功能的动词称为非谓语动词，有<span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span>（动词不定式） / -<span word="ing">ing</span> （现在分词 / 动名词） / -<span word="ed">ed</span> （过去分词） 三个形式。由于他们不受主语人称和数的限制，故也称为非限定动词.（学习中不要刻意去区分现在分词和动名词） 二． 非谓语动词的时态和语态意义： 英语中动词有两大基本特征：时态和语态的变化。非谓语动词也是动词，当然也具备动词的这两大特征。 1. 时态概念：非谓语动词只有过去、现在和将来三个时间概念，他与谓语动词时态的区别是：谓语动词表示的是实际时间概念，如<span word="I">I</span> <span word="am">am</span> <span word="learning">learning</span> <span word="English">English</span>.是指讲话的时候或那段时间里我正在学英语.而非谓语动词的过去、现在和将来是指相对于谓语动词而言的过去、现在和将来，即先于谓语动词的行为或状态称为过去时，与谓语动词的行为或状态发生在同一时间（段）的称为现在时，而发生在谓语动词的行为或状态之后的称为将来时.这个时间概念对于后面要讲的非谓语动词的句法功能是非常重要的。 2. 语态概念：与谓语动词一样，非谓语动词也有主动语态和被动语态之分。 将非谓语动词的上述时态和语态概念用表格归纳如下： <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> -<span word="ing">ing</span> -<span word="ed">ed</span> 主动 被动 主动 被动 被动 将来时 <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="done">done</span> 现在时 <span word="doing">doing</span> （<span word="sth">sth</span>.） <span word="being">being</span> <span word="done">done</span> 过去时 <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="done">done</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="done">done</span> -<span word="ed">ed</span> 也就是要记住四句话： （1） 表示将来时； （2） 表示现在时； （3） 表示过去时（一定是被动的） （4） 动词不定式的完成时表示过去时 非谓语动词的上述时态和语态概念是理解非谓语动词句法功能、应试判题和翻译的基础。 请你判断一下，下面句子中的非谓语动词是什么时态和语态： <span word="Your">Your</span> <span word="duty">duty</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sick">sick</span> <span word="child">child</span>. （你的责任是照料这个病孩。将来 / 主动） <span word="The">The</span> <span word="sick">sick</span> <span word="child">child</span> <span word="needs">needs</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="looked">looked</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="special">special</span> <span word="person">person</span>. （这个病孩需要专人照顾。将来 / 被动） <span word="He">He</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="studied">studied</span> <span word="hard">hard</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="passed">passed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="examination">examination</span>. （据说他学习一直很用功并通过了考试。过去 / 主动） <span word="Five">Five</span> <span word="persons">persons</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="reported">reported</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="killed">killed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="big">big</span> <span word="fire">fire</span>. （据报道，有5人已在这场大火中丧生。过去 / 被动） <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="sitting">sitting</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="reading">reading</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="there">there</span>? （你认识坐在那里看书的那个人吗？现在 / 主动） <span word="Who">Who</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="patient">patient</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="operated">operated</span> <span word="on">on</span>? （正在接受手术的那个病人是谁啊？现在 / 被动） <span word="Those">Those</span> <span word="elected">elected</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="committee">committee</span> <span word="members">members</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="attend">attend</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span>. （当选为委员的人将出席这次会议。过去 / 被动） 有了上述基本概念，就可以进一步讨论下面的问题了： 三． 非谓语动词的句法功能： 一个典型的句子共有以下五个基本成分： 主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语 这里要讨论的是当英语中的一个动词处在主语、宾语、定语和状语位置时怎么处理，即非谓语成分时怎么处理。 1.主语： 首先，<span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> 和 -<span word="ing">ing</span>形式具有名词性，-<span word="ed">ed</span> 不具备名词性。也就是说，<span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> 和 -<span word="ing">ing</span>可以做主语，例如： <span word="To">To</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="foreign">foreign</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="easy">easy</span> <span word="thing">thing</span>. （= <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="easy">easy</span> <span word="thing">thing</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="English">English</span>.） <span word="Learning">Learning</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="foreign">foreign</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="easy">easy</span> <span word="thing">thing</span>. 问题是这两种表达方式有没有区别。语法上没有对或错的区别，因此不是语法考试的重点 一般讲，<span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span>较具体的行为或状态，-<span word="ing">ing</span>表示较笼统的概念，如学习外语对我来说并非易事一般用<span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span>来表达：<span word="To">To</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="foreign">foreign</span> <span word="language">language</span>. <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="easy">easy</span> <span word="thing">thing</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="me">me</span>. （或：<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="easy">easy</span> <span word="thing">thing</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="foreign">foreign</span> <span word="language">language</span>.） 从应试角度讲，只要记住下面两个特殊句型就可以了： <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="use">use</span> （或<span word="good">good</span>） + <span word="ing">ing</span>结构，例如： <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="quarreling">quarreling</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="her">her</span>. （和她争吵没有用。考试时不要选<span word="to">to</span> <span word="quarrel">quarrel</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="her">her</span>） <span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> + <span word="ing">ing</span> 结构，例如： <span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="denying">denying</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="playing">playing</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="roles">roles</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="today">today</span>.（不可否认，在当今世界上，妇女正发挥越来越重要的作用。） <span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="joking">joking</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="matter">matter</span>. （这事开不得玩笑。）</p>
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