职称英语考试阅读综合辅导第四讲
<p> 在职称考试中经常会出现一些词汇性选择题。词汇性选择题主要是考察考生对一个词汇或短语在特定语言环境下的确切含义。所考的词汇主要有两类： 一类是超出大纲词汇表的词汇，以前没有见过的新词，要求考生根据上下文猜测出它的确切含义。另一类是熟词僻义或者是旧词新义。在这种情况下，考生以前知道的常规词义往往都不是解。有的考生想通过查阅词典来找出答案。实践证明，对于这种考题，查阅词典往往无济于事。考生一定要切记：只有根据上下文才能选出具体的，合乎文章内容的正确词义。因此考生在解题时，首先要对文章上下文有一个正确的理解，利用文章中所给出的线索或暗示来推断词义。根据上下文推断词义主要有以下几种方法： 利用定义和释义 有时在一篇文章中，作者估计到某个词或词组读者可能不熟悉，就常常在这个词或短语后面直接给出定义或换一种说法进行解释。例如： <span word="They">They</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="income">income</span> <span word="meet">meet</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="living">living</span>; <span word="so">so</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="plan">plan</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="family">family</span> <span word="budget">budget</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="budget">budget</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="list">list</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="monthly">monthly</span> <span word="expenses">expenses</span>. <span word="Experts">Experts</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="kinetics">kinetics</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="body">body</span> <span word="motions">motions</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="related">related</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="speech">speech</span>, <span word="hope">hope</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="discover">discover</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="methods">methods</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="communication">communication</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="astute">astute</span> <span word="buyer">buyer</span>, <span word="estimating">estimating</span> <span word="values">values</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="carefully">carefully</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="never">never</span> <span word="allowing">allowing</span> <span word="himself">himself</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="deceived">deceived</span>. <span word="Sociology">Sociology</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="describe">describe</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="society">society</span>. <span word="These">These</span> <span word="medical">medical</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="decided">decided</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="pediatricians">pediatricians</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span>, <span word="doctors">doctors</span> <span word="specializing">specializing</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="care">care</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="diseases">diseases</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="children">children</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="jettya">jettya</span> <span word="wall">wall</span> <span word="built">built</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="water">water</span>, <span word="protects">protects</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="harbor">harbor</span>. <span word="To">To</span> <span word="boycott">boycott</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="store">store</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="refuse">refuse</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="shop">shop</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="store">store</span>. <span word="Jane">Jane</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="indecisive">indecisive</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span>, <span word="she">she</span> <span word="cant">cant</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="mind">mind</span>. <span word="I">I</span> <span word="thought">thought</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="old">old</span>-<span word="fashioned">fashioned</span>, <span word="thinking">thinking</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="ideas">ideas</span>. <span word="Hausa">Hausa</span>, <span word="namely">namely</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Sudan">Sudan</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="widely">widely</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="trade">trade</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="throughout">throughout</span> <span word="western">western</span> <span word="Africa">Africa</span>. <span word="An">An</span> <span word="autobiography">autobiography</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="story">story</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="persons">persons</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="written">written</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="himself">himself</span>. <span word="Holography">Holography</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="three">three</span>-<span word="dimensional">dimensional</span> <span word="photography">photography</span>, <span word="has">has</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="industrial">industrial</span> <span word="applications">applications</span>. <span word="Every">Every</span> <span word="once">once</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="while">while</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="another">another</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ground">ground</span> <span word="suddenly">suddenly</span> <span word="shakes">shakes</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="call">call</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="event">event</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="earthquake">earthquake</span>. <span word="Carbon">Carbon</span> <span word="monoxide">monoxide</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="noxious">noxious</span> <span word="gas">gas</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="death">death</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wan">wan</span> <span word="look">look</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="pale">pale</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="weak">weak</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="thought">thought</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="ill">ill</span>. <span word="Should">Should</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="regulate">regulate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="resources">resources</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="oil">oil</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="gas">gas</span>? <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="believe">believe</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="control">control</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="solution">solution</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rising">rising</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="fuel">fuel</span>. 利用同义词或反义词 反义词前通常有<span word="but">but</span> ,<span word="however">however</span>, <span word="not">not</span>, <span word="yet">yet</span>, <span word="while">while</span>, <span word="although">although</span>, <span word="nevertheless">nevertheless</span>, <span word="unlike">unlike</span>, <span word="instead">instead</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="contrast">contrast</span>等信号词。 <span word="His">His</span> <span word="naivet">naivet</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="innocence">innocence</span>, <span word="was">was</span> <span word="obvious">obvious</span>. <span word="My">My</span> <span word="sister">sister</span> <span word="Kathy">Kathy</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="lively">lively</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="outgoing">outgoing</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="am">am</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="introverted">introverted</span>. <span word="Mary">Mary</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="jubilant">jubilant</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="Jane">Jane</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="sorrowful">sorrowful</span>. <span word="Danny">Danny</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="hesitant">hesitant</span> <span word="whereas">whereas</span> <span word="Jean">Jean</span> <span word="leaned">leaned</span> <span word="forward">forward</span> <span word="eagerly">eagerly</span>. <span word="Her">Her</span> <span word="shirt">shirt</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="clean">clean</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="shoes">shoes</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="grubby">grubby</span>. <span word="American">American</span> <span word="businessmen">businessmen</span> <span word="expect">expect</span> <span word="employees">employees</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="punctual">punctual</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="expect">expect</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="late">late</span>. <span word="Their">Their</span> <span word="friends">friends</span> <span word="laughed">laughed</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="them">them</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="sisters">sisters</span> <span word="felt">felt</span> <span word="wretched">wretched</span>, <span word="very">very</span> <span word="unhappy">unhappy</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="enormous">enormous</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="powerful">powerful</span> <span word="influence">influence</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="lives">lives</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="aging">aging</span> <span word="person">person</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="viable">viable</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="capable">capable</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="growth">growth</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="man">man</span>. 利用文中的举例或暗示 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="dromedary">dromedary</span>, <span word="like">like</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="desert">desert</span> <span word="animals">animals</span>, <span word="can">can</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="periods">periods</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="drinking">drinking</span> <span word="water">water</span>. <span word="Nocturnal">Nocturnal</span> <span word="creatures">creatures</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="bats">bats</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="owls">owls</span>, <span word="have">have</span> <span word="highly">highly</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="senses">senses</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="enable">enable</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="function">function</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="dark">dark</span>. <span word="Today">Today</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="couples">couples</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="starting">starting</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="households">households</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="spend">spend</span> <span word="lots">lots</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="appliances">appliances</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="instance">instance</span>, <span word="washing">washing</span> <span word="machines">machines</span>, <span word="refrigerators">refrigerators</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="color">color</span> <span word="televisions">televisions</span>. <span word="I">I</span> <span word="am">am</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="resolute">resolute</span> <span word="man">man</span>. <span word="Once">Once</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="goal">goal</span>, <span word="l">l</span> <span word="wont">wont</span> <span word="give">give</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="easily">easily</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="corner">corner</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Christmas">Christmas</span> <span word="tree">tree</span> <span word="decorated">decorated</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="shining">shining</span> <span word="ornaments">ornaments</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="colored">colored</span> <span word="lights">lights</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="glass">glass</span> <span word="balls">balls</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sometimes">sometimes</span> <span word="hung">hung</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="gifts">gifts</span>. 利用构词法 英语中许多单词吸收了古希腊语和拉丁语的特点，形成了词根和词缀的特点。因此解和掌握一些常用的词根、前缀和后缀的基本意思，对于我们扩大词汇量，分析一个单词的各个组成部分并根据单词的词根、前缀或后缀的意义猜测词义，是大有帮助的。 例如： 前缀 意思 例词 <span word="ante">ante</span>- <span word="before">before</span> <span word="anteroom">anteroom</span>, <span word="ante">ante</span>-<span word="Christian">Christian</span> <span word="poly">poly</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="polytechnic">polytechnic</span> 词根 意思 例词 -<span word="anthro">anthro</span>- <span word="man">man</span> <span word="anthropography">anthropography</span> -<span word="homo">homo</span>- <span word="same">same</span> <span word="homophone">homophone</span> 后缀 意思 例词 -<span word="ate">ate</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="consolidate">consolidate</span>, <span word="isolate">isolate</span> -<span word="ous">ous</span> <span word="full">full</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="nervous">nervous</span>, <span word="glorious">glorious</span> 解题技巧： 面对词汇题，考生要注意两个问题：其一，如果所遇的是普通词汇，切忌通过自己所掌握的某个含义来对它进行选择，而应紧扣该词汇出现处的上下文内容对该词的含义进行推断。因为往往这类词汇是多义词，你所掌握的含义只是它最常用的一个含义，而不一定是在这篇文章中的含义。因此，你只有切实依据上下文，在特定的语境中方能获取这个词的确切含义。其二，面对生僻词，首先要树立信心，不要因不熟悉该词而放弃，应结合上下文对这个词可能的含义进行合理推测。在进行合理推测时掌握一些规律，即如果这是一个很少用的生僻词，上下文中一般都会对它进行定义或解释。定义或解释所用措词一般都是常用词和常用句式。你只要找到这些句子，这个词汇的含义就很容易获得。如果它只是一个一般的生僻词或超出大纲范围的一般词汇，你完全可以通过该词出现的上下文含义对它进行大胆推测。 </p>
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