职称英语阅读理解常见题型及解题技巧(3)
<p> 3.根据上下文判断某些词汇和短语的意义 在阅读理解测试中必然要考查对词或词组的意思的理解。这也是测试考生阅读能力的一种方法。在完整的语篇中，单词和词组的意义总是受特定的情景、上下文所限制的，因此可以根据上下文，并利用所掌握的句法、构词法和词汇等知识确定它们的意义。掌握这一基本技能不仅能帮助读者从词或词组的多种义项中选择符合上下文的解释，而且往往还能推测某些生词的大致意思。常见的这类题型有： 1. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="word">word</span> ... <span word="in">in</span> <span word="line">line</span> ... <span word="refers">refers</span> <span word="to">to</span> ______. 2. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="expression">expression</span> ... <span word="is">is</span> <span word="closest">closest</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="meaning">meaning</span> <span word="to">to</span> 3. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="line">line</span>.., <span word="the">the</span> <span word="word">word</span> ... <span word="most">most</span> <span word="probably">probably</span> <span word="means">means</span> ________ 4. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="line">line</span>.., <span word="the">the</span> <span word="word">word</span> ... <span word="could">could</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="replaced">replaced</span> <span word="by">by</span> _________ 5. <span word="By">By</span> ... <span word="the">the</span> <span word="author">author</span> <span word="means">means</span> _________ 6. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="word">word</span> ..., <span word="as">as</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="author">author</span>, <span word="most">most</span> <span word="nearly">nearly</span> <span word="means">means</span> ________ 7. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="passage">passage</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="word">word</span> ... <span word="means">means</span> 8. ... <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="context">context</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="passage">passage</span> <span word="refers">refers</span> <span word="to">to</span> ???_________ 9. ..., <span word="as">as</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="passage">passage</span>, <span word="can">can</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="defined">defined</span> <span word="as">as</span> _________ 例1 <span word="Perhaps">Perhaps</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="merciless">merciless</span> <span word="robber">robber</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="sleep">sleep</span>, <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="say">say</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="complexity">complexity</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="day">day</span>. <span word="Whenever">Whenever</span> <span word="pressures">pressures</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="work">work</span>, <span word="family">family</span>, <span word="friends">friends</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="community">community</span> <span word="mount">mount</span>, <span word="many">many</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="consider">consider</span> <span word="sleep">sleep</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="least">least</span> <span word="expensive">expensive</span> <span word="item">item</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="program">program</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="society">society</span>, <span word="youre">youre</span> <span word="considered">considered</span> <span word="dynamic">dynamic</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="say">say</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="need">need</span> 5.5 <span word="hours">hours</span> <span word="sleep">sleep</span>. <span word="If">If</span> <span word="youve">youve</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="get">get</span> 8.5 <span word="hours">hours</span>, <span word="people">people</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="lack">lack</span> <span word="drive">drive</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="ambition">ambition</span>. <span word="To">To</span> <span word="determine">determine</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="consequences">consequences</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="sleep">sleep</span> <span word="deficit">deficit</span>, <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="subjects">subjects</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="psychological">psychological</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="performance">performance</span> <span word="tests">tests</span> <span word="requiring">requiring</span> <span word="them">them</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="instance">instance</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="add">add</span> <span word="columns">columns</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="numbers">numbers</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="recall">recall</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="passage">passage</span> <span word="read">read</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="minutes">minutes</span> <span word="earlier">earlier</span>. <span word="Weve">Weve</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="youre">youre</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="sleep">sleep</span> <span word="deficit">deficit</span>, <span word="performance">performance</span> <span word="suffers">suffers</span>, <span word="says">says</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span>. <span word="David">David</span>. <span word="Short">Short</span>-<span word="term">term</span> <span word="memory">memory</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="weakened">weakened</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="abilities">abilities</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="decisions">decisions</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="concentrate">concentrate</span>. 1. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="word">word</span> <span word="subjects">subjects</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="line">line</span> 6 <span word="refers">refers</span> <span word="to">to</span> ________. <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="the">the</span> <span word="performance">performance</span> <span word="tests">tests</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="sleep">sleep</span> <span word="deficit">deficit</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="special">special</span> <span word="branches">branches</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="studied">studied</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="people">people</span> <span word="whose">whose</span> <span word="behavior">behavior</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="reactions">reactions</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="studied">studied</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="the">the</span> <span word="psychological">psychological</span> <span word="consequences">consequences</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="sleep">sleep</span> <span word="deficit">deficit</span> 本题考了一个熟悉的词<span word="subject">subject</span>。它是一个多义词，可以表示题目、科目等。但这些义项在这里都不合适。要确定它的意思，最关键的是要准确弄清它所在句子前后部分的意思和关系。这句话前一部分说，要确定睡眠不足引起的后果，研究人员让<span word="subjects">subjects</span>通过一系列的心理和能力的测验，要求 <span word="them">them</span>将几栏数字加起来或回忆几分钟前所听到过的文章。所以，这里<span word="subjects">subjects</span>是人，是正在被研究的对象。选项<span word="C">C</span>是正确答案。 例2 <span word="Labors">Labors</span> <span word="concern">concern</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="automation">automation</span> <span word="arises">arises</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="uncertainty">uncertainty</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="effects">effects</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="employment">employment</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fears">fears</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="major">major</span> <span word="changes">changes</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="jobs">jobs</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="main">main</span>, <span word="labor">labor</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="taken">taken</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="view">view</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="resistance">resistance</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="technical">technical</span> <span word="change">change</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="unfruitful">unfruitful</span>. <span word="Eventually">Eventually</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="automation">automation</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="increase">increase</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="employment">employment</span>, <span word="since">since</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="expected">expected</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="vast">vast</span> <span word="industries">industries</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="grow">grow</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="manufacturing">manufacturing</span>, <span word="maintaining">maintaining</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="repairing">repairing</span> <span word="automation">automation</span> <span word="equipment">equipment</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="interest">interest</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="labor">labor</span> <span word="lies">lies</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="bringing">bringing</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="transition">transition</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="minimum">minimum</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="inconvenience">inconvenience</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="distress">distress</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> <span word="involved">involved</span>. <span word="Also">Also</span>, <span word="union">union</span> <span word="spokesmen">spokesmen</span> <span word="emphasize">emphasize</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="benefit">benefit</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="increased">increased</span> <span word="production">production</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="lower">lower</span> <span word="costs">costs</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="automation">automation</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="shared">shared</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="form">form</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="higher">higher</span> <span word="wages">wages</span>, <span word="more">more</span> <span word="leisure">leisure</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="improved">improved</span> <span word="living">living</span> <span word="standards">standards</span>. <span word="To">To</span> <span word="protect">protect</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="interests">interests</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="members">members</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="era">era</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="automation">automation</span>, <span word="unions">unions</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="adopted">adopted</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="policies">policies</span>. <span word="One">One</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="promotion">promotion</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="supplementary">supplementary</span> <span word="unemployment">unemployment</span> <span word="benefit">benefit</span> <span word="plans">plans</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="emphasized">emphasized</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="since">since</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="employer">employer</span> <span word="involved">involved</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="plan">plan</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="direct">direct</span> <span word="financial">financial</span> <span word="interest">interest</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="preventing">preventing</span> <span word="unemployment">unemployment</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="strong">strong</span> <span word="drive">drive</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="planning">planning</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="installations">installations</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="least">least</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="problems">problems</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="jobs">jobs</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="job">job</span> <span word="assignments">assignments</span>. <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="unions">unions</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="dismissal">dismissal</span> <span word="pay">pay</span> <span word="agreements">agreements</span>, <span word="requiring">requiring</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="permanently">permanently</span> <span word="dismissed">dismissed</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="paid">paid</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="sum">sum</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="based">based</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="length">length</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="service">service</span>. <span word="Another">Another</span> <span word="approach">approach</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="idea">idea</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="improvement">improvement</span> <span word="factor">factor</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="calls">calls</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="wage">wage</span> <span word="increases">increases</span> <span word="based">based</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="increases">increases</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="productivity">productivity</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="possible">possible</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="labor">labor</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="rely">rely</span> <span word="mainly">mainly</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="reduction">reduction</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="hours">hours</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="gain">gain</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="full">full</span> <span word="share">share</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fruits">fruits</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="automation">automation</span>. 1. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="idea">idea</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="improvement">improvement</span> <span word="factor">factor</span> <span word="implies">implies</span> <span word="roughly">roughly</span>______. <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="wages">wages</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="paid">paid</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="basis">basis</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="length">length</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="service">service</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="the">the</span> <span word="benefit">benefit</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="increased">increased</span> <span word="production">production</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="lower">lower</span> <span word="costs">costs</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="shared">shared</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="supplementary">supplementary</span> <span word="unemployment">unemployment</span> <span word="benefit">benefit</span> <span word="plans">plans</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="promoted">promoted</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="the">the</span> <span word="transition">transition</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="automation">automation</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="brought">brought</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="minimum">minimum</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="inconvenience">inconvenience</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="distress">distress</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> 本题要求学生根据上下文理解<span word="improvement">improvement</span> <span word="factor">factor</span>的含义。在文章的第二段第七行，提出增值因素是要求随着生产率的提高，工资也要相应地提高;而生产率的提高就是增加生产降低成本。因而选项<span word="B">B</span>是正确答案。选项<span word="A">A</span>，把解雇金协议，即根据服务期长短给长期解雇者一笔钱，与增值因素的内容混淆起来，说明有时文章和题目并不难，但粗心大意会使你答错题。选项<span word="C">C</span>是讲另一种劳工利益保护措施的，即失业者补助金计划;而选项<span word="D">D</span>是讲工人们对自动化带来的种种影响所关切的问题 。 例3 <span word="Before">Before</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="nineteenth">nineteenth</span> <span word="century">century</span>, <span word="scientists">scientists</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="interest">interest</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sea">sea</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="between">between</span>. <span word="Certainly">Certainly</span> <span word="Newton">Newton</span> <span word="considered">considered</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="theoretical">theoretical</span> <span word="aspects">aspects</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="writings">writings</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="reluctant">reluctant</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="sea">sea</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="further">further</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="work">work</span>. <span word="For">For</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sea">sea</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="remote">remote</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="exception">exception</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="intercontinental">intercontinental</span> <span word="travelers">travelers</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="others">others</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="earned">earned</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="living">living</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sea">sea</span>, <span word="there">there</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="ask">ask</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="questions">questions</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="it">it</span>, <span word="let">let</span> <span word="alone">alone</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="ask">ask</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="lay">lay</span> <span word="beneath">beneath</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="surface">surface</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="What">What</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bottom">bottom</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="oceans">oceans</span>? <span word="had">had</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="answered">answered</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="commercial">commercial</span> <span word="consequence">consequence</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="laying">laying</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="telegraph">telegraph</span> <span word="cable">cable</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="proposed">proposed</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="engineers">engineers</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="depth">depth</span> <span word="profile">profile</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="route">route</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="estimate">estimate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="length">length</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cable">cable</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="manufactured">manufactured</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Maury">Maury</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="US">US</span> <span word="Navy">Navy</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Atlantic">Atlantic</span> <span word="Telegraph">Telegraph</span> <span word="Company">Company</span> <span word="turned">turned</span>, <span word="in">in</span> 1853, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="information">information</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="matter">matter</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> 1840<span word="s">s</span>, <span word="Maury">Maury</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="responsible">responsible</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="encouraging">encouraging</span> <span word="voyages">voyages</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="soundings">soundings</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="taken">taken</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="investigate">investigate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="depths">depths</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="North">North</span> <span word="Atlantic">Atlantic</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Pacific">Pacific</span> <span word="Oceans">Oceans</span>. <span word="Later">Later</span>, <span word="some">some</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="findings">findings</span> <span word="aroused">aroused</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="popular">popular</span> <span word="interest">interest</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Physical">Physical</span> <span word="Geography">Geography</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Sea">Sea</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="cable">cable</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="laid">laid</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="until">until</span> 1866 <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="connection">connection</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="permanent">permanent</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="reliable">reliable</span>. <span word="At">At</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="attempts">attempts</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cable">cable</span> <span word="failed">failed</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="taken">taken</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="repairs">repairs</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="covered">covered</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="living">living</span> <span word="growths">growths</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="fact">fact</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="defied">defied</span> <span word="contemporary">contemporary</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="opinion">opinion</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="deeper">deeper</span> <span word="parts">parts</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sea">sea</span>. 1.<span word="Defied">Defied</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="sentence">sentence</span> <span word="probably">probably</span> <span word="means">means</span> ________. <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="doubted">doubted</span> <span word="B">B</span>. 9<span word="ave">ave</span> <span word="proof">proof</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="challenged">challenged</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="agreed">agreed</span> <span word="to">to</span> 本题考查的是根据上下文进行词义猜测的能力。<span word="defied">defied</span>是<span word="defy">defy</span>的过去式，根据最后一句可以推测它的词义，但必须完全读懂<span word="defied">defied</span>前后部分的意思：前一部分是说从海底捞出的电缆上覆盖着各种各样的生物，后一部分是当时的科学观点认为海底深处是没有生命的。由此可见，前一部分的事实是批驳后一部分的观点。所以，答案是选项<span word="C">C</span>，<span word="challenged">challenged</span>。这个词的原意是向挑战，因而有对持异议、 反对的意思，其宾语常常是针对某种意见、观点或权威。 例4 <span word="We">We</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="bright">bright</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="rarely">rarely</span> <span word="held">held</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="mixed">mixed</span>-<span word="ability">ability</span> <span word="teaching">teaching</span>.<span word="On">On</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="contrary">contrary</span>， <span word="both">both</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="experience">experience</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="enriched">enriched</span>.<span word="We">We</span> <span word="feel">feel</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="disadvantages">disadvantages</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="streaming">streaming</span> <span word="pupils">pupils</span>.<span word="It">It</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="account">account</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fact">fact</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="develop">develop</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="rates">rates</span>.<span word="It">It</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bad">bad</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bright">bright</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="notSO">notSO</span>-<span word="bright">bright</span> <span word="child">child</span>.<span word="After">After</span> <span word="all">all</span>，<span word="it">it</span> <span word="Can">Can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="quite">quite</span> <span word="discouraging">discouraging</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bottom">bottom</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="top">top</span> <span word="grade">grade</span>! 1.<span word="By">By</span> <span word="held">held</span> <span word="backthe">backthe</span> <span word="author">author</span> <span word="means">means</span>???________. <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="made">made</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="remain">remain</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="class">class</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="forced">forced</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lower">lower</span> <span word="class">class</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="drawn">drawn</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="studies">studies</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="prevented">prevented</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="advancing">advancing</span> 本题考的是对词组<span word="holdback">holdback</span>的理解。根据上下文，它的意思是阻挡，阻碍，选项<span word="D">D</span>是答案。当然<span word="holdback">holdback</span>还可以表示犹豫，如：<span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="noticed">noticed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="holdback">holdback</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="discussion">discussion</span>.; 控制，如：<span word="The">The</span> <span word="dam">dam</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="strong">strong</span> <span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="hold">hold</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="flood">flood</span> <span word="waters">waters</span>.;保留、不公布，如： <span word="I">I</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="hes">hes</span> <span word="holding">holding</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="back">back</span>;<span word="he">he</span> <span word="knows">knows</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="admits">admits</span>.。对照上下文，选项<span word="A">A</span>、<span word="B">B</span>、<span word="C">C</span>都不能表达<span word="hold">hold</span> <span word="back">back</span>的意义。 例5 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="workplace">workplace</span>，<span word="men">men</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="welldefined">welldefined</span> <span word="precedents">precedents</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="role">role</span> <span word="models">models</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="achieving">achieving</span> <span word="Success">Success</span>.<span word="It">It</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="otherwise">otherwise</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="women">women</span>.<span word="A">A</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="business">business</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="uncertain">uncertain</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="appropriate">appropriate</span> <span word="mixture">mixture</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="masculine">masculine</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="feminine">feminine</span> <span word="attributes">attributes</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="convey">convey</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="professional">professional</span> <span word="clothing">clothing</span>.<span word="The">The</span> <span word="variety">variety</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="clothing">clothing</span> <span word="alternatives">alternatives</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="greater">greater</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="available">available</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="men">men</span>.<span word="Male">Male</span> <span word="administrators">administrators</span> <span word="tend">tend</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="judge">judge</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="favorably">favorably</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="managerial">managerial</span> <span word="positions">positions</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="display">display</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="feminine">feminine</span> <span word="groomingshorter">groomingshorter</span> <span word="hair">hair</span>.<span word="moderate">moderate</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="makeup">makeup</span>，<span word="and">and</span> <span word="plain">plain</span> <span word="tailored">tailored</span> <span word="clothing">clothing</span>.<span word="As">As</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="male">male</span> <span word="administrator">administrator</span> <span word="confessed">confessed</span>，<span word="An">An</span> <span word="attractive">attractive</span> <span word="woman">woman</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="definitely">definitely</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="longer">longer</span> <span word="interview">interview</span>，<span word="but">but</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="wont">wont</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="job">job</span>. 1.<span word="The">The</span> <span word="word">word</span> <span word="precedents">precedents</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="line">line</span> <span word="l">l</span> <span word="probably">probably</span> <span word="refers">refers</span> <span word="to">to</span> __________. <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="early">early</span> <span word="acts">acts</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="men">men</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="follow">follow</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="examples">examples</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="particular">particular</span> <span word="places">places</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="men">men</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="occupy">occupy</span> <span word="especially">especially</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="importance">importance</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="things">things</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="men">men</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="agree">agree</span> <span word="upon">upon</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="mens">mens</span> <span word="belief">belief</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="everything">everything</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="already">already</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="decided">decided</span> 本题要求考生推测<span word="precedents">precedents</span>的意思。这个题目比较难，需要构词法的知识并通过上下文的帮助，才能答对。从第一、二句可以看出，<span word="precedents">precedents</span>在意义上与<span word="role">role</span> <span word="models">models</span>是并列的。而且，它的前缀<span word="pre">pre</span>- 有先，前的意思，实际上它是<span word="precede">precede</span>加后缀-<span word="ent">ent</span>构成的，意思是先例，惯例。所以只有选项<span word="A">A</span>才是正确答案。</p>
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