职称英语词汇选项阅读理解题型分析(1)
<p> 1.词汇选项题 全国职称英语等级考试大纲的词汇表对考试所涉及的词、短语作了明确的规定。大纲 规定，对申报不同级别的读者要求掌握的词汇量不等。 1.申报<span word="A">A</span>级的人员应认知6000个左右的单词和短语; 2.申报<span word="B">B</span>级的人员应认知5000个左右的单词和短语; 3.申报<span word="C">C</span>级的人员应认知4000个左右的单词和短语。 职称英语等级考试的第一个考试项目是词汇选择。它考查应试者理解一定语境下单词或短语意义的能力。考试提供的材料为<span word="l">l</span>5个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，要求应试者从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择<span word="l">l</span>个与画线部分意义最相近的词或短语。这里的一定语境实际上指的是一个句子，考查的目的是看考生能否根据这个句子把其中画有底横线的词或短语的意思猜测出来。 表面上来看，这是词汇题，实际上这是一种最简单的阅读理解题。因为任何阅读首先是从词开始的。阅读任何文字材料，词或短语的意思不清楚，就无法弄清句子的意思，也无法弄清篇章的意思，因此，阅读就无法进行下去。对一个句子中的词或短语的意思作出判断是阅读理解中最简单的一种题型。下面我们看几个实例： 例1： <span word="The">The</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="changes">changes</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="city">city</span> <span word="astonished">astonished</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="visitor">visitor</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="city">city</span>. <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="attacked">attacked</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="surprised">surprised</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="attracted">attracted</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="interested">interested</span> 这是一道画线题。答案为<span word="B">B</span>。整个句子的意思是：凡是到那个城市参观过的人，对那里发生的巨大变化都感到吃惊。在本题的四个选项中，选项<span word="A">A</span>的意思是攻击，选项<span word="B">B</span>的意思是吃惊，选项<span word="C">C</span>的意思是吸引，选项<span word="D">D</span>的意思是对感兴趣。如果考生认识句子中的每个单词，而且四个选项的意思都清楚，这道题做起来就很容易。一眼就能把答案选出来。 例2： <span word="Argument">Argument</span> <span word="among">among</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="speakers">speakers</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="conference">conference</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="bordering">bordering</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="violence">violence</span>. <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="is">is</span> <span word="close">close</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="is">is</span> <span word="beside">beside</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="is">is</span> <span word="next">next</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="is">is</span> <span word="alongside">alongside</span> 这道题的画线部分是一个短语，本题答案为<span word="A">A</span>。整个句子说的是：会上，讲演者之间争吵激烈差不多到了动武的程度。要答对这道题，考生必须知道<span word="is">is</span> <span word="bordering">bordering</span> <span word="on">on</span>这个短语是什么意思，然后再看下面的四个选项哪个与其意思最为相近。选项<span word="A">A</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="close">close</span> <span word="t">t</span>0的意思是接近，与<span word="is">is</span> <span word="bordering">bordering</span> <span word="on">on</span>意思相符，故为正确答案。选项<span word="B">B</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="beside">beside</span>说的是在旁边，显然不对，选项<span word="C">C</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="next">next</span> <span word="t">t</span>0表示在的隔壁，与画线部分意思不同;选项<span word="D">D</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="alongside">alongside</span>表示沿着，在英语中很少这么说，所以也不合适。总的来讲，这几个选项意思上稍微有点相似之处，比例<span word="l">l</span>要稍难一些。 例3： <span word="You">You</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="condense">condense</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="worthwhile">worthwhile</span> <span word="information">information</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="pages">pages</span>. <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="compress">compress</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="collect">collect</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="convert">convert</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="combine">combine</span> 这道题和例1、例2不一样。通过比较可以看出，例<span word="l">l</span>中的四个选项与画线部分的词形相去较远，意思也完全不一样，相对容易些。例2的画线部分是一短语，所给的选项也是短语，并且意思相近，相对难一些。而例3的特点是，四个选项与画线词的词形相似，但词义不同，让考生来辨别，这种类型的题也相对难一些。这道题的意思是：你可以把这本书中所有有用的信息用几页写出来。句中画线词<span word="condense">condense</span>的意思是压缩。选项<span word="A">A</span>的意思是压缩，意思相同，故为正确答案。选项<span word="B">B</span>的意思是收集，选项<span word="C">C</span>的意思是转化为，选项<span word="D">D</span>的意思是结合，均与画线词的意思不同。再看一例。 例4： <span word="The">The</span> <span word="doctor">doctor</span> <span word="explained">explained</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hazards">hazards</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="radiation">radiation</span> <span word="upon">upon</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="beings">beings</span>. <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="dangers">dangers</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="evils">evils</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="impacts">impacts</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="benefits">benefits</span> 本句的意思是：医生向学生解释了辐射给人类带来的危害。本题的四个选项中，选项<span word="C">C</span>为中性词，表示影响选项<span word="D">D</span>指好的事情，益处;选项<span word="A">A</span>和选项<span word="B">B</span>都表示坏事。但 <span word="evil">evil</span>有恶意的意思，不合适。所以选项<span word="A">A</span>是正确答案。这里，选项<span word="A">A</span>、<span word="B">B</span>和选项<span word="C">C</span>的意思有些相近，选项<span word="D">D</span>的意思刚好相反，本题要求考生辨别近义词和反义词。辨别反义词相对容易些，要辨别同义词或近义词则比较难。 英语中虽然同义词、近义词很多，但对于考职称的人来讲，需要掌握的并不是很多，我们认为，如果大家把教材上词汇练习题都认真地做一遍，考试就不会出现大的问题。 例5： <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="difficult">difficult</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="list">list</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Johns">Johns</span> <span word="attributes">attributes</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="talents">talents</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="abilities">abilities</span>. <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="qualifies">qualifies</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="interests">interests</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="preferences">preferences</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="virtues">virtues</span> 这道题要求考生根据上下文选择适当的近义词。从句子的后半段<span word="because">because</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="talents">talents</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="abilities">abilities</span>可以判断<span word="attributes">attributes</span>的意思是<span word="qualities">qualities</span>，故选项<span word="A">A</span>为正确答案。 当代语言学家的一个重要假设是句予结构是由动词的词汇意义决定的，因此我们应该重视词汇学习，尤其要注意搭配问题以及英语短语和习语。</p>
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