分词复合结构
<p> 某些分词独立结构由介词<span word="with">with</span>或<span word="without">without</span>引出，形式是：</p><p> <span word="with">with</span>（或<span word="without">without</span>）＋名词＋分词</p><p> 这种结构在英语中称为分词复合结构。它在句中可作定语和状语，在科技文章中这种结构经常用来作为补充说明。</p><p> （1）<span word="The">The</span> <span word="sun">sun</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="huge">huge</span> <span word="ball">ball</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="gas">gas</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="linear">linear</span> <span word="diameter">diameter</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="apparent">apparent</span> <span word="disk">disk</span> <span word="being">being</span> 864,000 <span word="miles">miles</span>. 太阳是一个巨大的球状气团，它那明亮的圆盘的直径为864，000英里。（作定语，说明<span word="ball">ball</span>）。</p><p> （2）<span word="The">The</span> <span word="density">density</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="air">air</span> <span word="varies">varies</span> <span word="directly">directly</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="pressure">pressure</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="temperature">temperature</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="constant">constant</span>. 若温度不变，则空气密度的变化与压力乘正比。</p><p> （3）<span word="Maxwell">Maxwell</span> <span word="pointed">pointed</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="object">object</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="hot">hot</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="motion">motion</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="visible">visible</span>. 麦克斯维尔指出，即使看不见物体内部德分子运动，物体也可能是热的。（让步）</p><p> （4）<span word="If">If</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="moving">moving</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="nothing">nothing</span> <span word="touching">touching</span> <span word="it">it</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="forever">forever</span>, <span word="coasting">coasting</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="uniform">uniform</span> <span word="speed">speed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="straight">straight</span> <span word="line">line</span>. 正在运动的某一物体，如果没有受到任何外力的出动，它将永远继续作匀速直线运动。（条件）</p><p> （5）<span word="Ice">Ice</span>, <span word="of">of</span> <span word="relative">relative</span> <span word="density">density</span> 0.9, <span word="floats">floats</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="nine">nine</span>-<span word="tenth">tenth</span> <span word="submerged">submerged</span>. 冰的比重为0.9， 它浮在水面上时，10分之9淹没在水里。（方式方法）</p><p> （6）<span word="An">An</span> <span word="atom">atom</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="oxygen">oxygen</span> <span word="has">has</span> 8 <span word="protons">protons</span> <span word="and">and</span> 8 <span word="neutrons">neutrons</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="nucleus">nucleus</span>, <span word="with">with</span> 8 <span word="electrons">electrons</span> <span word="circling">circling</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="nucleus">nucleus</span>. 一个氧原子在其原子核内有八个质子和八个中子，还有八个电子绕着原子核旋转。（附加说明）</p>
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