相似词语辨析【109】not all(any/both/either)
<p> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="all">all</span>，<span word="not">not</span> <span word="any">any</span>，<span word="not">not</span> <span word="both">both</span>，<span word="not">not</span> <span word="either">either</span></p><p> 这四个片语在涵义上各不相同。</p><p> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="all">all</span>的意思是非全体，相当于<span word="only">only</span> <span word="some">some</span>；<span word="not">not</span> <span word="any">any</span>的意思是全不，相当于<span word="none">none</span>；<span word="not">not</span> <span word="both">both</span>作仅一个解，相当于<span word="only">only</span> <span word="one">one</span>；<span word="not">not</span> <span word="either">either</span>作两个都个解，相当于<span word="neither">neither</span>．</p><p> 请对比下列各句：</p><p> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span>．</p><p> 我仅认识他们之中的几个人（或一部分人）。</p><p> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span>．</p><p> 这些人我一个都不认识。</p><p> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span>．</p><p> 在这两个人中，我只认识一个。</p><p> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="either">either</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span>．</p><p> 这两个人我一个也不认识。</p><p> 上面四个句子亦可改写为：</p><p> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span>．</p><p> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="none">none</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span>．</p><p> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span>．</p><p> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="neither">neither</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span>．</p><p> 值得注意的是，<span word="not">not</span> <span word="all">all</span>指并不是所有的都，<span word="not">not</span> <span word="both">both</span>指并不是两个都。在英语中，它们称为部分否定（<span word="partial">partial</span> <span word="negation">negation</span>）。另有一些英语副词和<span word="not">not</span> 搭配使用时，也是表示类似的涵义。例：</p><p> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="always">always</span>＝<span word="sometimes">sometimes</span></p><p> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="everywhere">everywhere</span> = <span word="somewhere">somewhere</span></p><p> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="entirely">entirely</span>＝<span word="somewhat">somewhat</span></p><p> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="wholly">wholly</span>＝<span word="in">in</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="degree">degree</span>/<span word="to">to</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="extent">extent</span></p>
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