英语讲义【173】肯定句与否定句词义的差别
<p> <span word="We">We</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="seen">seen</span> <span word="everyone">everyone</span> <span word="besides">besides</span> <span word="Toms">Toms</span> <span word="father">father</span>.</p><p> 这句话是除了汤姆的父亲外，我们还见过其他的人。</p><p> 如果把这话误解为：除了（没见过）汤姆的父亲，其他的人我们都见过了，那么就大错特错了。反面这个意思应该这样表达：</p><p> <span word="We">We</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="seen">seen</span> <span word="everyone">everyone</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="Toms">Toms</span> <span word="father">father</span>.</p><p> 须知介词<span word="besides">besides</span>的含义等于<span word="in">in</span> <span word="addition">addition</span> <span word="to">to</span>或<span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span>。连词<span word="than">than</span>的意思有如介词<span word="except">except</span>。例如：</p><p> （1） <span word="John">John</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="left">left</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="choice">choice</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="quit">quit</span>.</p><p> （除了离开，约翰别无其他选择。）</p><p> 再比较下列两个句子就更清楚了：</p><p> （2） <span word="Besides">Besides</span> <span word="rice">rice</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="farmers">farmers</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="produced">produced</span> <span word="peanuts">peanuts</span>.</p><p> （3） <span word="They">They</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="gathered">gathered</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="crops">crops</span> <span word="except">except</span> / <span word="than">than</span> <span word="corns">corns</span>.</p><p> 上述（2） 的意思是（除了米之外，农夫还生产花生。）（3）的意思却是除了玉蜀黍之外，他们把其他农作物收割了。</p><p> 由上面几个例子看，<span word="besides">besides</span>和<span word="except">except</span> / <span word="than">than</span>是不同义的，但是<span word="besides">besides</span>如果出现在否定句或疑问句里，意思就和<span word="except">except</span>相同了。例如：</p><p> （4） <span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="option">option</span> <span word="besides">besides</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="one">one</span>.</p><p> （5） <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="care">care</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="nothing">nothing</span> <span word="besides">besides</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="money">money</span>.</p><p> （6） <span word="What">What</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="besides">besides</span> <span word="obeying">obeying</span> ?</p><p> 这三个句子里的<span word="besides">besides</span>都可由<span word="except">except</span>取代之。</p>
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