英语讲义【144】效益良好的句法
<p> 曾经有朋友问我：<span word="I">I</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="forward">forward</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="hear">hear</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="soon">soon</span> 对，还是<span word="I">I</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="forward">forward</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="hearing">hearing</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="soon">soon</span> 对。我说后者对，前者错。他说，为什么<span word="to">to</span>后面的动词可以有-<span word="ing">ing</span>呢？</p><p> 这问题很有意思，相信其他人也会这样问。</p><p> 这问题就是今天的话题了。</p><p> 大家知道，<span word="to">to</span>是不定式动词（<span word="Infinitives">Infinitives</span>）的标志，如：<span word="to">to</span> <span word="come">come</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="go">go</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="eat">eat</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="sleep">sleep</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="play">play</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="work">work</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="sing">sing</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="take">take</span>等等。</p><p> 不定式动词是英语三种无限定动词（<span word="Non">Non</span>-<span word="finite">finite</span> <span word="verbs">verbs</span>）中的一种。它的主要功能包括协助组成动词句型。例如：</p><p> 1. 主语＋动词＋不定式动词／短语</p><p> （1） <span word="Helen">Helen</span> <span word="likes">likes</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="sing">sing</span>.</p><p> （2） <span word="The">The</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="wants">wants</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="you">you</span>.</p><p> 2. 主语＋动词＋宾语＋不定式动词/短语</p><p> （3） <span word="Jack">Jack</span> <span word="advised">advised</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="come">come</span>.</p><p> （4） <span word="She">She</span> <span word="asked">asked</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="boy">boy</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="brother">brother</span>.</p><p> 3. 主语＋动词＋宾语＋不带<span word="to">to</span>不定式动词／短语</p><p> （5） <span word="We">We</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="heard">heard</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="laugh">laugh</span>.</p><p> （6） <span word="They">They</span> <span word="saw">saw</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="leaves">leaves</span> <span word="fall">fall</span> <span word="down">down</span>.</p><p> （7） <span word="Did">Did</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="notice">notice</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="rush">rush</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bus">bus</span> <span word="stop">stop</span>?</p><p> （5）-（7）里的<span word="langh">langh</span>, <span word="fall">fall</span>, <span word="rush">rush</span>都是不带<span word="to">to</span>的不定式动词或短语。</p><p> 此外，当不定式动词在助动词或情态动词后面时，也是不带<span word="to">to</span>的。例如：</p>
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