英语讲义【126】由标点符号引起的错句
<p> 在英语的错误中，有两种和标点符号有关。一种是应用逗号却用了句点；另一种应用句点却用了逗号。前种情况使句子不完整；后种情况，则无休止符。</p><p> 这里就详细谈谈这两个问题。</p><p> 大家知道，一个完整的句子有主语（<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Subject">Subject</span>）和谓语（<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Predicate">Predicate</span>）。除了省略句（<span word="Elliptical">Elliptical</span> <span word="Sentences">Sentences</span>）之外，一般的句子，都由主语＋谓语组成一个简单句（<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Simple">Simple</span> <span word="Sentence">Sentence</span> ）。一个短语或分句没有了主句，便是不完整的句子（<span word="Fragmentary">Fragmentary</span> <span word="Sentences">Sentences</span>），便是错误句。</p><p> 在下列句子中，①<span word="a">a</span>, ②<span word="a">a</span>, ③<span word="a">a</span>全错；①<span word="b">b</span>, ②<span word="b">b</span>, ③<span word="b">b</span>才对：</p><p> ①<span word="a">a</span>. <span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="purposes">purposes</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="dieting">dieting</span>. <span word="To">To</span> <span word="save">save</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="food">food</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="trim">trim</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="waistline">waistline</span>.</p><p> <span word="b">b</span>. <span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="purposes">purposes</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="dieting">dieting</span>: <span word="to">to</span> <span word="save">save</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="food">food</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="trim">trim</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="waistline">waistline</span>.</p><p> ②<span word="a">a</span>. <span word="That">That</span> <span word="desk">desk</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="secret">secret</span> <span word="drawer">drawer</span>. <span word="Into">Into</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="James">James</span> <span word="stuffed">stuffed</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="bills">bills</span>.</p><p> <span word="b">b</span>. <span word="That">That</span> <span word="desk">desk</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="secret">secret</span> <span word="drawer">drawer</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="James">James</span> <span word="stuffed">stuffed</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="bills">bills</span>.</p><p> ③<span word="a">a</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="men">men</span> <span word="jumped">jumped</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="window">window</span>. <span word="Because">Because</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="escaping">escaping</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fire">fire</span>.</p><p> <span word="b">b</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="jumped">jumped</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="window">window</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="escaping">escaping</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fire">fire</span>.</p><p> 和不完整的句子呈强烈对照的是只有逗号的句子（<span word="Run">Run</span>-<span word="on">on</span> <span word="Sentences">Sentences</span>）。这样的句子，一个接一个，没有句点，也没有连词，这是不对的；因此，④<span word="a">a</span>和⑤<span word="a">a</span>错；④<span word="b">b</span>和⑤<span word="b">b</span>对：</p>
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