meili 发表于 2022-10-18 19:04:03

英语讲义【85】被动句中的动词形态

<p>  信箱里有一张装修商的传单,上面有这句话:</p><p>  <span word="Exchange">Exchange</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="leaflet">leaflet</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="free">free</span> <span word="gift">gift</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="entitle">entitle</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lucky">lucky</span> <span word="draw">draw</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="purchase">purchase</span> <span word="required">required</span>.</p><p>  这句话清楚吗?很清楚!问题是第二个并列分句的被动语态的动词形态<span word="entitle">entitle</span>不对。为什么不对呢?这就要从主动语态(<span word="the">the</span> <span word="active">active</span> <span word="voice">voice</span>)和被动语态(<span word="the">the</span> <span word="passive">passive</span> <span word="voice">voice</span>)的差别谈起。</p><p>  在主动语态里,主语是动作的主角,如:</p><p>  ① <span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="bought">bought</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="dictionary">dictionary</span>.</p><p>  ② <span word="They">They</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="invite">invite</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="dinner">dinner</span>.</p><p>  在被动语态里,宾语成为主角,原来的主语则靠边站,移至句后,如:</p><p>  ③ <span word="A">A</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="dictionary">dictionary</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="bought">bought</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="me">me</span>.</p><p>  ④ <span word="You">You</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="invited">invited</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="dinner">dinner</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="them">them</span>.</p><p>  在被动语态的结构里,最重要的成分是接系动词<span word="be">be</span>+主动词的过去分词(<span word="be">be</span>+<span word="past">past</span> <span word="participle">participle</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="principal">principal</span> <span word="verb">verb</span>)。③里的<span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="bought">bought</span>和④里的<span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="invited">invited</span>便是这个成分。根据这原则,<span word="be">be</span> <span word="entitle">entitle</span>就要改为<span word="be">be</span> <span word="entitled">entitled</span>才行。</p><p>  现在多看看几个例子:</p><p>  ⑤ <span word="One">One</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="properly">properly</span>.<span word="The">The</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="properly">properly</span> <span word="done">done</span>.</p><p>  ⑥ <span word="Someone">Someone</span> <span word="took">took</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pictures">pictures</span>.<span word="The">The</span> <span word="pictures">pictures</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="taken">taken</span> <span word="down">down</span>.</p><p>  ⑦ <span word="Anne">Anne</span> <span word="gave">gave</span> <span word="John">John</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="photo">photo</span>.<span word="John">John</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="given">given</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="photo">photo</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Anne">Anne</span>.</p>
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