英语讲义【84】助动词与情态动词
<p> 动词表示动作形态，但英语里有些动词并不表示动作形态，而是协助主动词表示时态（<span word="tenses">tenses</span>）或语态（<span word="voices">voices</span>）。这些动词如 <span word="do">do</span>, <span word="is">is</span>, <span word="have">have</span>等，叫助动词（<span word="auxiliary">auxiliary</span> <span word="verbs">verbs</span>）。另外有些动词如<span word="can">can</span>, <span word="will">will</span>, <span word="may">may</span>, <span word="must">must</span>等，则可协助动词表示语气或情态，叫情态动词（<span word="modal">modal</span> <span word="verbs">verbs</span>）。</p><p> 助动词和情态动词都是特殊动词，非常有用。没有了它们，疑问句不能成立，否定句也难形成。没有了<span word="have">have</span>, <span word="has">has</span>, <span word="had">had</span>完成时态（<span word="perfect">perfect</span> <span word="tenses">tenses</span>）无法存在；没有了<span word="be">be</span>, <span word="is">is</span>, <span word="are">are</span>, <span word="am">am</span>, <span word="been">been</span>, <span word="was">was</span>, <span word="were">were</span>, <span word="being">being</span>，何来被动语态（<span word="the">the</span> <span word="passive">passive</span> <span word="voice">voice</span>）？请看下列例子，就知道梗概了：</p><p> ● -<span word="What">What</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="day">day</span>?</p><p> -<span word="I">I</span> <span word="teach">teach</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="day">day</span>.</p><p> ● -<span word="Can">Can</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="speak">speak</span> <span word="English">English</span>?</p><p> -<span word="Yes">Yes</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="can">can</span>.</p><p> ● -<span word="Will">Will</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="it">it</span>?</p><p> -<span word="No">No</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="wont">wont</span>.</p><p> ● -<span word="John">John</span> <span word="lived">lived</span> <span word="here">here</span> <span word="before">before</span>.</p><p> -<span word="John">John</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="live">live</span> <span word="here">here</span> <span word="before">before</span>.</p><p> ● -<span word="Betty">Betty</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="completed">completed</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="time">time</span>.</p><p> -<span word="She">She</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="really">really</span> <span word="good">good</span>.</p><p> ● -<span word="After">After</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="eaten">eaten</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="breakfast">breakfast</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="office">office</span>.</p><p> -<span word="How">How</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="Nancy">Nancy</span>? <span word="Did">Did</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span>?</p><p> ● -<span word="Jason">Jason</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="writing">writing</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="book">book</span>.</p><p> -<span word="A">A</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="written">written</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Sam">Sam</span>, <span word="too">too</span>.</p><p> ● -<span word="The">The</span> <span word="cat">cat</span> <span word="caught">caught</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="rat">rat</span>.</p>
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