英语讲义【35】英语派生词哪里来？
<p> 前几期谈到英文后缀和英文前缀。在这两篇文章里都没有全面探讨前、后缀的 功能。这里便来谈这问题。</p><p> 大家知道，派生法（<span word="derivation">derivation</span>）是英语主要的构词法。这方法是借前缀或后缀之助，制造出派生词（<span word="derivative">derivative</span> <span word="words">words</span>），主要有名词、形容词和动词三种。</p><p> 前缀以否定前缀（<span word="negative">negative</span> <span word="prefixes">prefixes</span>）<span word="un">un</span>-, <span word="in">in</span>-, <span word="im">im</span>-, <span word="il">il</span>-, <span word="ir">ir</span>-, <span word="non">non</span>-, <span word="dis">dis</span>-, <span word="mis">mis</span>-, <span word="mal">mal</span>-等为主，使延伸出来的派生词变成反义词。</p><p> Ⅰ名词派生词</p><p> <span word="Balanceimbalance">Balanceimbalance</span>；<span word="pleasuredispleasure">pleasuredispleasure</span>；<span word="management">management</span> <span word="mismanagement">mismanagement</span>；<span word="efficiencyinefficiency">efficiencyinefficiency</span>；<span word="concernunconcern">concernunconcern</span> ；<span word="literacyilliteracy">literacyilliteracy</span>；<span word="resolutionirresolution">resolutionirresolution</span>； <span word="interferencenoninterference">interferencenoninterference</span>；<span word="nutritionmalnutrition">nutritionmalnutrition</span>.</p><p> Ⅱ形容词派生词</p><p> <span word="Accurateinaccurate">Accurateinaccurate</span>；<span word="patientimpatient">patientimpatient</span>. <span word="regular">regular</span> <span word="irregular">irregular</span>；<span word="legalillegal">legalillegal</span>；<span word="nativenon">nativenon</span>-<span word="native">native</span>；<span word="orderly">orderly</span> <span word="disorderly">disorderly</span>；<span word="commonuncommon">commonuncommon</span>.</p><p> Ⅲ动词派生词</p><p> <span word="Agreedisagree">Agreedisagree</span>；<span word="judgemisjudge">judgemisjudge</span>；<span word="treatmaltreat">treatmaltreat</span>； <span word="activateinactivate">activateinactivate</span>；<span word="useill">useill</span>-<span word="use">use</span>；<span word="mobilizeimmobilize">mobilizeimmobilize</span>； <span word="managemismanage">managemismanage</span>；<span word="quoteunquote">quoteunquote</span>.</p><p> 除了否定前缀之外，其他常用的前缀还有 <span word="anti">anti</span>-, <span word="auto">auto</span>-, <span word="bi">bi</span>-, <span word="co">co</span>-, <span word="counter">counter</span>-, <span word="de">de</span>-, <span word="ex">ex</span>-, <span word="inter">inter</span>-, <span word="mono">mono</span>-, <span word="post">post</span>, <span word="pre">pre</span>-, <span word="pro">pro</span>-, <span word="re">re</span>-, <span word="sub">sub</span>-, <span word="super">super</span>-, <span word="trans">trans</span>-, <span word="tri">tri</span>-, <span word="ultra">ultra</span>-等。例如：</p><p> <span word="anti">anti</span>-<span word="government">government</span>（反政府）；<span word="auto">auto</span>-<span word="intoxication">intoxication</span>（自我迷醉）；<span word="bilateral">bilateral</span>（双边的）；<span word="coexistence">coexistence</span>（共存）；<span word="counter">counter</span>-<span word="argument">argument</span> （反建议）；<span word="de">de</span>-<span word="emphasize">emphasize</span>（不强调）；<span word="ex">ex</span>-<span word="president">president</span>（前任会长）；<span word="international">international</span>（国际间的）；<span word="monolingual">monolingual</span>（单语的）；<span word="post">post</span>-<span word="war">war</span> （战后的）；<span word="precaution">precaution</span>（预先防备）；<span word="pro">pro</span>-<span word="China">China</span>（支持中国）； <span word="re">re</span>-<span word="state">state</span>（重述）；<span word="subhuman">subhuman</span>（低于人类的）；<span word="superimpose">superimpose</span>（加在上面）；<span word="trans">trans</span>-<span word="atlantic">atlantic</span>（横跨大西洋的）；<span word="triangle">triangle</span>（三角）； <span word="ultra">ultra</span>-<span word="smart">smart</span>（超能的）。</p>
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