中考复习策略10
<p> 中考复习策略10</p><p> 二、 定 语 从 句</p><p> ?</p><p> (一) 知识概要 ?</p><p> 定语从句并不属于中考范围,但由于作者在多年的教学中体会到,这一语法现象影响了许多学生自学英语。这些学生一般是成绩较好的学生,想进行大量阅读来提高自己的英语水平,但总是碰到一些问题,百思不得其解。苦于自己的水平只限于初中水平,无法提高,但各种补习班又都是为一些水平较差的学生开设的,所以又投师无门。为了解决这部分学生的学习困难,也为那些有志青年铺平学习上的道路,特用这一节讲述定语从句,不是从语法上讲述,而是从阅读理解方面去讲述。可供同学们在学习时参考。这会对你的英语学习起到事半功倍的作用。?对于形容词我们已十分熟悉了,如: <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="book">book</span>, 形容词 <span word="good">good</span> 用来修饰书 <span word="book">book</span>。 我们也可以用一个句子来修饰名词,这种句子叫做形容词性从句,它起修饰名词的作用,又被叫做定语从句(<span word="The">The</span> <span word="attributive">attributive</span> <span word="clause">clause</span>)。但有一点不同的是这个从句不是像形容词那样放于名词前,而是放在名词之后。它所修饰的名词又被叫作先行词,如: <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="scientist">scientist</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="gave">gave</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="talk">talk</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="afternoon">afternoon</span>? 这句中的主句是 <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="scientist">scientist</span>? (你知道那位科学家吗?)而 <span word="who">who</span> <span word="gave">gave</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="talk">talk</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="afternoon">afternoon</span> (他今天下午给我们作的报告。)是定语从句。所以这两句话合为一体即是:你认识今天下午给我们作报告的那位科学家吗?这里 <span word="scientist">scientist</span> 叫作先行词,而 <span word="who">who</span> 叫作定语从句的引导词。 <span word="who">who</span> 在定语从句中起主语的作用, <span word="who">who</span> 的数与它的先行词相同。又如: <span word="You">You</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="everything">everything</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="do">do</span>? 这里先行词是 <span word="everything">everything</span>, 而 <span word="that">that</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="do">do</span> 是定语从句,此句应译为:你必须作我所作的一切。 <span word="that">that</span> 叫作定语从句的引导词,在句中作 <span word="do">do</span> 的宾语。?引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词: <span word="that">that</span>, <span word="which">which</span>, <span word="who">who</span>, <span word="whom">whom</span>, <span word="whose">whose</span> 和关系副词 <span word="when">when</span>, <span word="where">where</span>, <span word="why">why</span>, <span word="how">how</span>。不论关系代词还是关系副词,都应放于先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,但它们都要在定语从句中起语法作用,充当一个成份。如关系代词在定语从句中不是作主语便是作宾语,而关系副词则是作状语。我们先来看关系代词的用法。① <span word="that">that</span> 的先行词可以是人也可以是物。如: <span word="A">A</span> <span word="plane">plane</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="machine">machine</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="fly">fly</span>? 这里先行词是 <span word="machine">machine</span> 而 <span word="that">that</span> 是关系代词,在定语从句中作主语。这句译为:飞机是一种会飞的机器。又如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="book">book</span> (<span word="that">that</span>) <span word="you">you</span> <span word="lent">lent</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span>? 这里先行词是 <span word="book">book</span>, 关系代词用 <span word="that">that</span>, 它在定语从句中作 <span word="lend">lend</span> (借)的宾语。要注意的是关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略,即: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="lent">lent</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span>?② <span word="which">which</span> 关系代词的先行词只能是物。它在定语从句中作主语或宾语,如: <span word="The">The</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="shop">shop</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="shop">shop</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="sells">sells</span> <span word="books">books</span>? 这里 <span word="shop">shop</span> 是先行词, <span word="which">which</span> 在从句中作主语。又如: <span word="The">The</span> <span word="book">book</span> (<span word="which">which</span>) <span word="I">I</span> <span word="read">read</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="night">night</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="wonderful">wonderful</span>? 这里主句是 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="wonderful">wonderful</span>? 而定语从句是修饰主句的主语 <span word="book">book</span>, 即我昨晚读的那本书,<span word="which">which</span> 在定语从句中作 <span word="read">read</span> 的宾语,可以省略。?③ <span word="who">who</span>, <span word="whom">whom</span>, <span word="whose">whose</span>? <span word="who">who</span> 在定语从句中作主语, <span word="whom">whom</span> 是 <span word="who">who</span> 的宾格,在定语从句中作宾语,而 <span word="whose">whose</span> 则是形容词性物主代词,在从句中作定语,如:<span word="The">The</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="visited">visited</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="school">school</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="friend">friend</span>? 昨天参观我们学校的人是一位美国朋友。 <span word="Who">Who</span> 在定语从句中作主语。又如: <span word="Who">Who</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="woman">woman</span> (<span word="whom">whom</span>) <span word="you">you</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="talked">talked</span> <span word="to">to</span> ? 你刚才与之谈话的那个女人是谁?而 <span word="whom">whom</span> 作定语从句中介词 <span word="to">to</span> 的宾语,可以省略,而在现代英语中,句首的 <span word="whom">whom</span> 也常常可用 <span word="who">who</span>代替。?<span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="classmate">classmate</span>, <span word="Mary">Mary</span>, <span word="whose">whose</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="school">school</span>? 这是我们的同学玛丽,她的家离我们学校不远。?为了便于理解,我们来看看是如何将两句话并为一句话的。?</p>
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