中考复习策略9
<p> 中考复习策略9</p><p> 一、 主 要 句 式</p><p> ? (一) 知识概要</p><p> ?初中所学的句型一般要分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。?陈述句中有肯定句与否定句之分。其中可以分为以下五种:① 主语+不及物动词。如:<span word="I">I</span> <span word="arrived">arrived</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="six">six</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="night">night</span>.② 主语+及物动词+宾语,如:<span word="I">I</span> <span word="bought">bought</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="English">English</span>?<span word="Chinese">Chinese</span> <span word="Dictionary">Dictionary</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span>.③ 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,如:<span word="Please">Please</span> <span word="tell">tell</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="story">story</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bed">bed</span>. 这样可加双宾语的句子有<span word="buy">buy</span>,<span word="tell">tell</span>, <span word="give">give</span>, <span word="ask">ask</span>, <span word="pass">pass</span>, <span word="teach">teach</span>.④ 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语,如:<span word="I">I</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="impossible">impossible</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="it">it</span>. <span word="Please">Please</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="classroom">classroom</span> <span word="clean">clean</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="tidy">tidy</span>.⑤ 主语+系动词+表语,如:<span word="Tom">Tom</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="boy">boy</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="grass">grass</span> <span word="turned">turned</span> <span word="green">green</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="spring">spring</span>.在初中常见的句型中有<span word="There">There</span> <span word="be">be</span>句型,表示存在某种事物,如:<span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="map">map</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="wall">wall</span>?其<span word="be">be</span>动词的形式要与其后面相近的那个名词相一致。要注意的是这种句型加入助动词后,也要保持<span word="be">be</span>动词,不要换用<span word="have">have</span>,如:<span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span> <span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>.?在句子结构中要注意主谓一致的问题,即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应。要注意的有如下几点:① 用<span word="and">and</span>连接两个主语时一般应视为复数,但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式,如:<span word="A">A</span> <span word="singer">singer</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="dancer">dancer</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="coming">coming</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="party">party</span>. <span word="a">a</span> <span word="singer">singer</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="dancer">dancer</span> 既歌唱又可舞的演员。而 <span word="a">a</span> <span word="singer">singer</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="dancer">dancer</span> 则要译为:一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。②有些以 <span word="s">s</span> 结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数,如: <span word="The">The</span> <span word="news">news</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="good">good</span> (<span word="news">news</span> 为不可数名词)。③ 有量词时应按量词的数量计算;如: <span word="This">This</span> <span word="pair">pair</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="glasses">glasses</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="good">good</span>? <span word="My">My</span> <span word="glasses">glasses</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="broken">broken</span>. ④有些形单却意为复数的名词,如: <span word="People">People</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="coming">coming</span> <span word="here">here</span>? 这样的词还有 <span word="Police">Police</span>, 如果要讲一个警察时,应讲 <span word="a">a</span> <span word="policeman">policeman</span>。 两个警察为 <span word="two">two</span> <span word="policemen">policemen</span>。 又如 <span word="a">a</span> <span word="policewoman">policewoman</span>, <span word="two">two</span> <span word="policewomen">policewomen</span>? ⑤ 所有不定代词 <span word="each">each</span>, <span word="either">either</span>, <span word="neither">neither</span>, <span word="one">one</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span>, <span word="nobody">nobody</span>, <span word="nothing">nothing</span>, <span word="anyone">anyone</span>, <span word="anything">anything</span>, <span word="someone">someone</span>, <span word="something">something</span>要作为单数如: <span word="Someone">Someone</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="waiting">waiting</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="you">you</span>??在并列句中表示联合关系的连词有: <span word="and">and</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span><span word="but">but</span> <span word="also">also</span>, <span word="neither">neither</span><span word="nor">nor</span>, <span word="either">either</span><span word="or">or</span>? 如: <span word="My">My</span> <span word="sister">sister</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="parents">parents</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cinema">cinema</span>。 表示转折关系的并列连词有: <span word="but">but</span> 和 <span word="yet">yet</span>, 如: <span word="She">She</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="student">student</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="pass">pass</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="final">final</span> <span word="exam">exam</span>. 又如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="news">news</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="strange">strange</span>, <span word="yet">yet</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="true">true</span>? 表示选择关系的连词有:<span word="or">or</span>, <span word="either">either</span><span word="or">or</span>,如: <span word="Hurry">Hurry</span> <span word="up">up</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="late">late</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="school">school</span>? 表示因果关系的并列连词有: <span word="for">for</span>, <span word="so">so</span> 如: <span word="They">They</span> <span word="studied">studied</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="hard">hard</span>, <span word="so">so</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="passed">passed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="exam">exam</span>??在初中范围复合句中主要有状语从句和宾语从句(名词性从句)两种,而定语从句(形容词性从句)要在高中讲述,为了使同学阅读文章方便,我们将在下面另一章予以介绍。我们首先来看宾语从句。① 在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语,如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="knew">knew</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="man">man</span>, 而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语,如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="knew">knew</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="man">man</span>? 这时宾语从句的连接词有 <span word="that">that</span>, (<span word="that">that</span> 只在从句中起联接作用,不在句中充当语法成分,既不是主语也不是宾语,所以在口语中常常被省略。如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="am">am</span> <span word="sure">sure</span> (<span word="that">that</span>) <span word="she">she</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="passed">passed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="exam">exam</span>? ②<span word="if">if</span>, <span word="whether">whether</span> 它们在宾语从句中只起连接作用,不起语法作用,当作是否讲。从句中有 <span word="or">or</span> <span word="not">not</span> 结构时,要用 <span word="whether">whether</span>, 如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="ask">ask</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="if">if</span> (<span word="whether">whether</span>) <span word="he">he</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="lunch">lunch</span>? <span word="I">I</span> <span word="asks">asks</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="lunch">lunch</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="not">not</span>? ③ <span word="what">what</span> 它在宾语从句中除了作连接词外,还要作主语或宾语成份,如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="don">don</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="understand">understand</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="said">said</span>? (<span word="what">what</span> 作 <span word="said">said</span> 的宾语)。又如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="asked">asked</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="sick">sick</span> (<span word="what">what</span> 在宾语从句中作主语)。④ <span word="who">who</span>,它也和<span word="what">what</span>一样,在句中除作连接词外,可以充当句中的成份,如:<span word="I">I</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="looking">looking</span> <span word="for">for</span>? ⑤ <span word="whose">whose</span> 如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="whose">whose</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="is">is</span>? ⑥ <span word="which">which</span> 如: <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="mine">mine</span>??在连接词中还有4个常用的连接副词,① <span word="how">how</span> 它的应用最广,如: <span word="how">how</span> <span word="much">much</span>, <span word="how">how</span> <span word="many">many</span>, <span word="how">how</span> <span word="long">long</span>, <span word="how">how</span> <span word="soon">soon</span>, <span word="how">how</span> <span word="old">old</span> 。如: <span word="How">How</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="cost">cost</span>? ② <span word="when">when</span> 它只是连接时间状语,如: <span word="Please">Please</span> <span word="tell">tell</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="begin">begin</span>? ③ <span word="where">where</span> 它连接地点状语,如: <span word="Where">Where</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="from">from</span>? ④ <span word="why">why</span> 它要连接的是原因状语从句,如: <span word="The">The</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span> <span word="asked">asked</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="Tom">Tom</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="school">school</span>. 在考试中常见到的考点是:?宾语从句的时态与主句时态的呼应问题。① 主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态可以是任何所需要的时态, 如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="come">come</span>. 我知道他没来。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>? 我知道他明天来。<span word="I">I</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="gone">gone</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="London">London</span>? 我知道他已去伦敦了。 ② 主句中的谓语动词若是过去时,宾语从句也要用过去时态中的某一种。比如: 一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时。除了在表达宇宙中的客观真理时,不能用现在时态。如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="wanted">wanted</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="come">come</span>? <span word="The">The</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span> <span word="told">told</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="earth">earth</span> <span word="moves">moves</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sun">sun</span>??状语从句主要有时间状语从句,其连接词有:<span word="after">after</span>, <span word="before">before</span>, <span word="when">when</span>, <span word="as">as</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="soon">soon</span> <span word="as">as</span>, <span word="until">until</span> (<span word="till">till</span>), <span word="while">while</span>, <span word="since">since</span>, <span word="by">by</span>?其中较难掌握的有以下几点:?① <span word="until">until</span> (<span word="till">till</span>) 直到,在用 <span word="until">until</span> 表达时间状语的句子中,主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。如动词是持续性动词,它要用肯定句,如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="studied">studied</span> <span word="hard">hard</span> <span word="until">until</span> 12 <span word="o">o</span>'<span word="clock">clock</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="night">night</span>. 如果动词是瞬间截止性动词,则要用否定句,如: <span word="He">He</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bed">bed</span> <span word="until">until</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="mother">mother</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="back">back</span>? ?② 由?<span word="since">since</span>, <span word="for">for</span>, <span word="by">by</span>, <span word="before">before</span> 来引导的时间状语从句。 <span word="since">since</span> 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间,如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="studied">studied</span> <span word="English">English</span> <span word="since">since</span> 1990? 而由 <span word="by">by</span> 引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间,如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="learned">learned</span> 25 <span word="English">English</span> <span word="songs">songs</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="term">term</span>? 而<span word="before">before</span> 则多用于完成时, <span word="ago">ago</span> 则多用于一般过去时,如: <span word="He">He</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="finished">finished</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="twelve">twelve</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span>? <span word="I">I</span> <span word="left">left</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="hometown">hometown</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>? ③ 在状语从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来。它们可能是主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时,如: <span word="If">If</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="rains">rains</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="won">won</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="park">park</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="Sunday">Sunday</span>? 也可以主句是一般过去时,从句用一般过去进行时,如: <span word="He">He</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="rained">rained</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="next">next</span> <span word="day">day</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="park">park</span>? 考试中常见的考点有:要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句,因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态,如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="here">here</span> <span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>? 在宾语从句中的条件状语从句与主句的关系,如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="rains">rains</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="here">here</span> <span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>??在原因状语从句中主要是① <span word="because">because</span>, 应译为因为。它表达的因果关系最强,如: <span word="He">He</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="pass">pass</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="exam">exam</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="hard">hard</span>? ② <span word="since">since</span> 应译为既然,如: <span word="Since">Since</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="ill">ill</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span>? <span word="I">I</span> <span word="left">left</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="notes">notes</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="desk">desk</span>? ③ <span word="as">as</span> 应译为由于,如: <span word="As">As</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="hot">hot</span> <span word="we">we</span>'<span word="d">d</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="swimming">swimming</span>? <span word="since">since</span> 与 <span word="as">as</span> 所表达的因果关系远比 <span word="because">because</span> 弱得多。而 <span word="for">for</span> 表达的因果关系最弱。它不能用于句首,如: <span word="He">He</span> <span word="studies">studies</span> <span word="hard">hard</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="wants">wants</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="college">college</span>??在比较状语从句中有同级比较 <span word="as">as</span><span word="as">as</span>, 如: <span word="This">This</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="one">one</span>? 要注意的有两点:① <span word="as">as</span><span word="as">as</span> 中间要用原级而不是比较级。② 用形容词还是副词,如: <span word="Mary">Mary</span> <span word="writes">writes</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="carefully">carefully</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="Tom">Tom</span>? 而其否定句为 <span word="not">not</span> <span word="as">as</span> (<span word="so">so</span>)<span word="as">as</span>, 如: <span word="They">They</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="hard">hard</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="did">did</span>, 而不同级比较用比较级加 <span word="than">than</span>, 如: <span word="He">He</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="younger">younger</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="am">am</span>? 要注意的是表示越来越这一概念时有两个句型:① 比较级+<span word="and">and</span>+比较级,如: <span word="The">The</span> <span word="days">days</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="getting">getting</span> <span word="longer">longer</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="longer">longer</span>? <span word="The">The</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="girl">girl</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="becoming">becoming</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="beautiful">beautiful</span>? ② 定冠词 <span word="the">the</span> + 比较级+ <span word="the">the</span> + 比较级,如: <span word="The">The</span> <span word="harder">harder</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="study">study</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="learn">learn</span>??方式状语中要注意的是<span word="as">as</span> (连词)与 <span word="like">like</span> (介词)的区别。 <span word="as">as</span> 作为连词其后接从句,如: <span word="Please">Please</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="it">it</span>? 但后面的句子常作省略,如: <span word="Please">Please</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="I">I</span>? 而 <span word="like">like</span> 是介词,其后要接的是宾语,如: <span word="Please">Please</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="me">me</span>??结果和目的状语从句主要有 <span word="so">so</span><span word="that">that</span>, <span word="so">so</span> <span word="that">that</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="that">that</span>等几种用法。① <span word="so">so</span><span word="that">that</span>?用在单数可数名词前,<span word="so">so</span> + 形容词 + <span word="a">a</span> + 名词 + <span word="that">that</span>,如: <span word="She">She</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="beautiful">beautiful</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="girl">girl</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="everyone">everyone</span> <span word="likes">likes</span> <span word="her">her</span>? 或用 <span word="such">such</span> + <span word="a">a</span> + 形容词 + 名词 + <span word="that">that</span>, 如: <span word="She">She</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="beautiful">beautiful</span> <span word="girl">girl</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="everyone">everyone</span> <span word="likes">likes</span> <span word="her">her</span>? ② 在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用 <span word="such">such</span>, 如: <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="weather">weather</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="picnic">picnic</span>? 又如: <span word="They">They</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="players">players</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="win">win</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="game">game</span>. ③ 在<span word="much">much</span>, <span word="many">many</span>, <span word="few">few</span>, <span word="little">little</span> 之前只能用<span word="so">so</span>, 如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="can">can</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="buy">buy</span> <span word="it">it</span>? ④ <span word="so">so</span><span word="that">that</span> 之间只有形容词时,则不能用 <span word="such">such</span>, 如: <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="buy">buy</span>? ⑤ <span word="so">so</span> <span word="that">that</span> 其后接从句,如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="earlier">earlier</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="catch">catch</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="bus">bus</span>???</p>
页:
[1]