中考英语语法：动词语法讲解
<p>（一）动词概述动词是表示人或事物的动作、存在、变化的词。分析95年至今的中考不难发现，动词部分主要考查学生对主动结构中各个时态的运用。一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时和现在完成时出现的概率较高。而被动语态主要是考一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和情态动词的被动语态。（二）基础知识梳理 1．动词的种类 根据其词义和其在谓语中的作用可分为实义动词、助动词和情态动词。根据其在句子中的功用可分为及物动词和不及物动词，连系动词界于两者之间。1）实义动词：意义完全，能独立用作谓语。如：<span word="enable">enable</span>，<span word="watch">watch</span>，<span word="run">run</span>，<span word="open">open</span>等。2）连系动词：是一个表示谓语关系的动词。它必须在后面接表语（通常为名词或形容词）。如：<span word="seem">seem</span>，<span word="look">look</span>，<span word="smell">smell</span>，<span word="taste">taste</span>，<span word="sound">sound</span>，<span word="get">get</span>，<span word="become">become</span>，<span word="turn">turn</span>，<span word="be">be</span>等。3）助动词：本身没有词汇意义。不能单独用作谓语。在句中与实义动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气以及否定和疑问结构。如：<span word="do">do</span>，<span word="does">does</span>，<span word="did">did</span>等。4）情态动词：词义不完全。在句中不能单独作谓语，只能与实义动词一起构成谓语。如：<span word="can">can</span>，<span word="may">may</span>，<span word="must">must</span>，<span word="need">need</span>，<span word="ought">ought</span> <span word="to">to</span>等。2．动词的时态：时态常用的提示语一般现在时<span word="always">always</span>，<span word="usually">usually</span>，<span word="sometimes">sometimes</span>，<span word="often">often</span>，<span word="every">every</span>，<span word="once">once</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="week">week</span>，<span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="morning">morning</span>，<span word="in">in</span> <span word="December">December</span>，<span word="in">in</span> <span word="spring">spring</span>，<span word="on">on</span> <span word="Mondays">Mondays</span>等。一般过去时<span word="ago">ago</span>，<span word="just">just</span> <span word="now">now</span>，<span word="before">before</span> 2005，<span word="yesterday">yesterday</span>，<span word="last">last</span> <span word="Friday">Friday</span>，<span word="once">once</span>，<span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="day">day</span>，<span word="those">those</span> <span word="days">days</span>，<span word="once">once</span> <span word="upon">upon</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="time">time</span>，<span word="long">long</span> <span word="before">before</span>等。一般将来时<span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>，<span word="the">the</span> <span word="coming">coming</span>... ，<span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="future">future</span>，<span word="next">next</span> <span word="Tuesday">Tuesday</span>，<span word="in">in</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="hours">hours</span>，<span word="some">some</span> <span word="day">day</span>，<span word="soon">soon</span>，<span word="before">before</span> <span word="long">long</span>，<span word="this">this</span> <span word="evening">evening</span>等。现在进行时<span word="now">now</span>，<span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="moment">moment</span>，<span word="look">look</span>，<span word="listen">listen</span>，<span word="be">be</span> <span word="quite">quite</span>，<span word="these">these</span> <span word="days">days</span>，<span word="still">still</span>等。过去进行时<span word="this">this</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span>，<span word="at">at</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="time">time</span>，<span word="from">from</span> 9 <span word="to">to</span> 11 <span word="last">last</span> <span word="Friday">Friday</span>，<span word="when">when</span>，<span word="while">while</span>等。现在完成时<span word="since">since</span>，<span word="for">for</span>，<span word="already">already</span>，<span word="yet">yet</span>，<span word="just">just</span>，<span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="years">years</span>/ <span word="months">months</span>，<span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="weeks">weeks</span>/<span word="months">months</span>/<span word="days">days</span>等。过去完成时<span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="term">term</span>/<span word="month">month</span>/<span word="year">year</span>，<span word="by">by</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span>，<span word="by">by</span> 2004，<span word="by">by</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="Monday">Monday</span>等。过去将来时大都出现在主句动词为一般过去时的宾语从句中。有些动词所表示的动作即便在说话时正在进行，也不能用进行时。这些动词通常表示情感、想法、感觉或所属。表示情感的动词：<span word="like">like</span>，<span word="dislike">dislike</span>，<span word="love">love</span>，<span word="hate">hate</span>.表示想法的动词：<span word="believe">believe</span>，<span word="know">know</span>，<span word="want">want</span>，<span word="mean">mean</span>，<span word="understand">understand</span>，<span word="remember">remember</span>. 表示感觉的动词：<span word="feel">feel</span>，<span word="see">see</span>，<span word="hear">hear</span>，<span word="taste">taste</span>，<span word="smell">smell</span>.表示所属的动词：<span word="belong">belong</span>，<span word="own">own</span>，<span word="have">have</span>.有些动词常用进行时表示将来，如：<span word="come">come</span>，<span word="go">go</span>，<span word="leave">leave</span>，<span word="arrive">arrive</span>。 3．动词的被动语态英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。只有及物动词才有被动语态。它的基本结构为：助动词<span word="be">be</span>+及物动词的过去分词。所有的时态变化在助动词<span word="be">be</span>上。以动词<span word="sing">sing</span>为例。时态／语态主动语态被动语态一般现在时<span word="Jay">Jay</span> <span word="sings">sings</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="songs">songs</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="year">year</span>.<span word="Many">Many</span> <span word="songs">songs</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="sung">sung</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Jay">Jay</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="year">year</span>.一般过去时<span word="Jay">Jay</span> <span word="sang">sang</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="songs">songs</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="year">year</span>.<span word="Many">Many</span> <span word="songs">songs</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="sung">sung</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Jay">Jay</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="year">year</span>.一般将来时<span word="Jay">Jay</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="sing">sing</span>/ <span word="is">is</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="sing">sing</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="songs">songs</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="year">year</span>.<span word="Many">Many</span> <span word="songs">songs</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="sung">sung</span>/<span word="are">are</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="sung">sung</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Jay">Jay</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="year">year</span>.现在进行时<span word="Jay">Jay</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="singing">singing</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="English">English</span> <span word="song">song</span>.<span word="An">An</span> <span word="English">English</span> <span word="song">song</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="sung">sung</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Jay">Jay</span>.过去进行时<span word="Jay">Jay</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="singing">singing</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="song">song</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="now">now</span>.<span word="A">A</span> <span word="song">song</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="sung">sung</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Jay">Jay</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="now">now</span>.现在完成时<span word="Jay">Jay</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="sung">sung</span> <span word="lots">lots</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="songs">songs</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span><span word="few">few</span> <span word="years">years</span>.<span word="Lots">Lots</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="songs">songs</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="sung">sung</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Jay">Jay</span> <span word="in">in</span><span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="years">years</span>.过去完成时<span word="Jay">Jay</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="sung">sung</span> <span word="plenty">plenty</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="songs">songs</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="year">year</span>.<span word="Plenty">Plenty</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="songs">songs</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="sung">sung</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Jay">Jay</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="year">year</span>.过去将来时<span word="Jay">Jay</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="sing">sing</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="songs">songs</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="future">future</span>.<span word="Jay">Jay</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="songs">songs</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="sung">sung</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="future">future</span>.情态动词的被动语态为：情态动词+助动词<span word="be">be</span>+及物动词的过去分词。</p>
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