中考英语语法：名词语法讲解
<p>（一）名词概述名词用来表示人或事物的名称。名词可分为专有名词和普通名词，普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词有单复数形式，不可数名词没有复数形式，也不能与不定冠词连用。在考试命题中，主要是考察可数、不可数名词的区分，以及量词修饰的使用。考试的题型主要是选择题和词性转换。另外，名词的所有格也是重要的考查部分，主要是区分<span word="s">s</span>和<span word="of">of</span>的用法。（二）基础知识梳理1. 名词复数形式的构成1）规则变化（1）一般名词后面加<span word="s">s</span>。如：<span word="month">month</span>-<span word="months">months</span>，<span word="bird">bird</span>-<span word="birds">birds</span>。（2）以<span word="s">s</span>，<span word="ss">ss</span>，<span word="x">x</span>，<span word="ch">ch</span>，<span word="sh">sh</span>结尾的名词，后面加<span word="es">es</span>。如：<span word="bus">bus</span>-<span word="buses">buses</span>，<span word="boss">boss</span>-<span word="bosses">bosses</span>，<span word="box">box</span>-<span word="boxes">boxes</span>，<span word="match">match</span>-<span word="matches">matches</span>，<span word="brush">brush</span>-<span word="brushes">brushes</span>。（3）以<span word="o">o</span>结尾的名词，有的加<span word="es">es</span>，如：<span word="patato">patato</span>-<span word="patatoes">patatoes</span>，<span word="mango">mango</span>-<span word="mangoes">mangoes</span>，<span word="tomato">tomato</span>-<span word="tomatoes">tomatoes</span>；有的加<span word="s">s</span>，如：<span word="radio">radio</span>-<span word="radios">radios</span>，<span word="zoo">zoo</span>-<span word="zoos">zoos</span>，<span word="piano">piano</span>-<span word="pianos">pianos</span>。（4）以辅音字母加<span word="y">y</span>结尾的名词，变<span word="y">y</span>为<span word="i">i</span>再加<span word="es">es</span>。如：<span word="factory">factory</span>-<span word="factories">factories</span>，<span word="city">city</span>-<span word="cities">cities</span>。以元音字母加<span word="y">y</span>结尾的名词，直接加<span word="s">s</span>，如：<span word="toy">toy</span>-<span word="toys">toys</span>，<span word="day">day</span>-<span word="days">days</span>。（5）以<span word="f">f</span>或<span word="fe">fe</span>结尾的名词，变<span word="f">f</span>或<span word="fe">fe</span>为<span word="v">v</span>再加<span word="es">es</span>。如：<span word="knife">knife</span>-<span word="knives">knives</span>，<span word="wolf">wolf</span>-<span word="wolves">wolves</span>（例外：<span word="roof">roof</span>-<span word="roofs">roofs</span>，<span word="chief">chief</span>-<span word="chiefs">chiefs</span>），<span word="scarf">scarf</span>-<span word="scarfs">scarfs</span>或<span word="scarves">scarves</span>。2）不规则变化（1）改元音字母，构成复数。如：<span word="man">man</span>-<span word="men">men</span>，<span word="woman">woman</span>-<span word="women">women</span>，<span word="foot">foot</span>-<span word="feet">feet</span>，<span word="fisherman">fisherman</span>-<span word="fishermen">fishermen</span>，<span word="tooth">tooth</span>-<span word="teeth">teeth</span>，<span word="mouse">mouse</span>-<span word="mice">mice</span>（例外：<span word="German">German</span>-<span word="Germans">Germans</span>，<span word="walkman">walkman</span>-<span word="walkmans">walkmans</span>,<span word="human">human</span>-<span word="humans">humans</span>）。（2）单复数形式一样。如：<span word="sheep">sheep</span>-<span word="sheep">sheep</span>，<span word="Chinese">Chinese</span>-<span word="Chinese">Chinese</span>，<span word="Japanese">Japanese</span>-<span word="Japanese">Japanese</span>，<span word="deer">deer</span>-<span word="deer">deer</span>，<span word="fish">fish</span>-<span word="fish">fish</span>。（3）词尾变化。如：<span word="child">child</span>-<span word="children">children</span>。（4）只有复数形式，无单数形式的名词。如;<span word="clothes">clothes</span>，<span word="trousers">trousers</span>，<span word="glasses">glasses</span>，<span word="shoes">shoes</span>。（5）以<span word="man">man</span>和<span word="woman">woman</span>构成的复合名词变复数时，要采用双复数形式。如：<span word="man">man</span> <span word="tourist">tourist</span>-<span word="men">men</span> <span word="tourists">tourists</span>，<span word="woman">woman</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span>-<span word="women">women</span> <span word="teachers">teachers</span>。2. 名词的数量表达可数名词：用数词直接修饰，如：<span word="one">one</span> <span word="book">book</span>，<span word="three">three</span> <span word="watches">watches</span>，200 <span word="years">years</span>；与量词连用，量词与所修饰名词都要用复数形式，如：<span word="three">three</span> <span word="pairs">pairs</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="shoes">shoes</span>，<span word="hundreds">hundreds</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="years">years</span>；与模糊数量词连用，如：<span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="relatives">relatives</span>，<span word="some">some</span> <span word="people">people</span>，<span word="many">many</span> <span word="boys">boys</span>，<span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="of">of</span>/<span word="lots">lots</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="computers">computers</span>，<span word="a">a</span> <span word="large">large</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="students">students</span>。不可数名词：与量词连用，量词有复数形式，而不可数名词不能有复数形式。如：<span word="two">two</span> <span word="loaves">loaves</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="bread">bread</span>，<span word="a">a</span> <span word="bottle">bottle</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="water">water</span>；与模糊量词连用，如：<span word="some">some</span> <span word="work">work</span>，<span word="a">a</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="milk">milk</span>，<span word="much">much</span> <span word="advice">advice</span>/<span word="time">time</span>/<span word="money">money</span>，<span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="of">of</span>/<span word="lots">lots</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="news">news</span>，<span word="a">a</span> <span word="large">large</span> <span word="amount">amount</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="information">information</span>。模糊数量词修饰可数名词，有如下几个：<span word="many">many</span>，<span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span>，<span word="few">few</span>，<span word="a">a</span> <span word="large">large</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span>。模糊数量词修饰不可数名词，有如下几个：<span word="much">much</span>，<span word="a">a</span> <span word="little">little</span>，<span word="little">little</span>，<span word="huge">huge</span> <span word="amounts">amounts</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="a">a</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="deal">deal</span> <span word="of">of</span>。模糊数量词既可以修饰可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词，有如下几个：<span word="some">some</span>，<span word="any">any</span>，<span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="lots">lots</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="plenty">plenty</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="enough">enough</span>。3. 名词所有格1）表示有生命的名词所有格（1）单数名词加<span word="s">s</span>，如：<span word="Peters">Peters</span> <span word="bag">bag</span>。（2）词尾有<span word="s">s</span>或<span word="es">es</span>的复数名词加，如：<span word="the">the</span> <span word="teachers">teachers</span> <span word="office">office</span>。（3）不以<span word="s">s</span>或<span word="es">es</span>结尾的复数名词后仍加<span word="s">s</span>，如：<span word="Childrens">Childrens</span> <span word="Day">Day</span>。（4）表示时间、距离，如：<span word="todays">todays</span> <span word="newspaper">newspaper</span>，<span word="two">two</span> <span word="hours">hours</span> <span word="walk">walk</span>。2）表示无生命的名词所有格，用<span word="of">of</span>+名词所有格，如：<span word="the">the</span> <span word="front">front</span> <span word="gate">gate</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="City">City</span> <span word="Hall">Hall</span>，<span word="a">a</span> <span word="map">map</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="China">China</span>。3）表示有生命的名词所有格，也可用<span word="of">of</span>+名词所有格，如：<span word="a">a</span> <span word="friend">friend</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="mine">mine</span>，<span word="a">a</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="janes">janes</span>，<span word="a">a</span> <span word="friend">friend</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Marys">Marys</span> <span word="sisters">sisters</span>。【注意】<span word="Peter">Peter</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Marys">Marys</span> <span word="desk">desk</span> 表示彼得和玛丽合用的桌子<span word="Peters">Peters</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Marys">Marys</span> <span word="desks">desks</span> 表示彼得和玛丽各自的桌子</p>
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